Editing Luwian language (section)

==Script and dialects==
Luwian was split into many dialects, which were written in two different writing systems. One of these was the ''Cuneiform Luwian'' which used the form of [[Akkadian language|Old Babylonian]] [[cuneiform]] that had been adapted for the [[Hittite language]]. The other was ''Hieroglyphic Luwian'', which was written in a unique native hieroglyphic script. The differences between the dialects are minor, but they affect vocabulary, style, and grammar. The different orthographies of the two writing systems may also hide some differences.<ref>Mouton, Alice and Yakubovich, Ilya. "Where did one speak luwili? Geographic and linguistic diversity of Luwian cuneiform texts". In: ''Journal of Language Relationship'', vol. 19, no. 1-2, 2021, pp. 25–53. https://doi.org/10.1515/jlr-2021-191-208</ref>

According to Hittitologist [[Alwin Kloekhorst]], Hieroglyphic Luwian may also be known as Empire Luwian or Iron Age Luwian, and is "closely related" to Cuneiform Luwian.<ref>Kloekhorst, Alwin. [https://www.academia.edu/86912968/Anatolian_2022_ "Anatolian"]. In: ''The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective''. Edited by Thomas Olander. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. pp. 64, 69. {{doi|10.1017/9781108758666.005}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kloekhorst |first=Alwin |url=https://www.academia.edu/86912968 |chapter=Anatolian |title=The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective |editor=Thomas Olander |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2022 |page=69 |doi=10.1017/9781108758666.005 |isbn=978-1-108-75866-6 |quote=It is generally accepted that Cuneiform Luwian and Hieroglyphic Luwian are closely related, yet distinct, dialects.}}</ref> Similarly, Alice Mouton and Ilya Yakubovich separate Luwian into two distinct varieties: cuneiform and hieroglyphic – the latter of a more prestigious and elite use.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jlr-2021-191-208/html?lang=en | doi=10.1515/jlr-2021-191-208 | doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 | title=Where did one speak luwili? Geographic and linguistic diversity of Luwian cuneiform texts | journal=Journal of Language Relationship | date=December 2021 | volume=19 | issue=1–2 | pages=25–53 | last1=Mouton | first1=Alice | last2=Yakubovich | first2=Ilya }}</ref>

===Cuneiform Luwian===
{{Infobox language
| name             = Cuneiform Luwian
| altname          = Kizzuwatna Luwian
| nativename       = ''luwili''
| region           = [[Anatolia]]
| ethnicity        = [[Luwians]]
| extinct          = around 600 BC
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Anatolian languages|Anatolian]]
| fam3             = [[Anatolian languages#Luwic branch|Luwo]]-[[Lydian language|Lydian]]
| fam4             = [[Anatolian languages#Luwic branch|Luwo]]-[[Palaic language|Palaic]]
| fam5             = [[Anatolian languages#Luwic branch|Luwic]]
| fam6             = Luwian
| ancestor         = [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
| ancestor2        = [[Proto-Anatolian language|Proto-Anatolian]]
| script           = [[Cuneiform]]
| iso3             = xlu
| glotto           = cune1239
| glottorefname    = Cuneiform Luwian
| linglist         = xlu
}}
[[Cuneiform]] Luwian (or Kizzuwatna Luwian)<ref>[[Alwin Kloekhorst|Kloekhorst, Alwin]]. “[https://www.academia.edu/86912968/Anatolian_2022_ Anatolian]”. In: ''The Indo-European Language Family: A Phylogenetic Perspective''. Edited by Thomas Olander. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. p. 64. doi:10.1017/9781108758666.005.</ref> is the corpus of Luwian texts attested in the tablet archives of [[Hattusa]]; it is essentially the same [[Cuneiform script|cuneiform writing system]] used in [[Hittite language|Hittite]].<ref>Luwian cuneiform texts are collected in Starke 1985</ref> In Laroche's ''Catalog of Hittite Texts,'' the corpus of Hittite cuneiform texts with Luwian insertions runs from CTH 757–773, mostly comprising rituals.<ref>Laroche 1971, pp. 35–9</ref> Cuneiform Luwian texts are written in several dialects, of which the most easily identifiable are [[Kizzuwatna]] Luwian, [[Istanuwa| Ištanuwa]] Luwian, and Empire Luwian.<ref>Yakubovich 2010, pp. 68–73</ref> The last dialect represents the [[vernacular]] of [[Hattusa]]n scribes of the 14th–13th centuries BC and is mainly attested through ''[[Glossenkeil]]'' words in Hittite texts.

Compared to cuneiform Hittite, [[logogram]]s (signs with a set symbolic value) are rare. Instead, most writing is done with the syllabic characters, where a single symbol stands for a vowel, or a consonant-vowel pair (either VC or CV). A striking feature is the consistent use of 'full-writing' to indicate long vowels, even at the beginning of words. In this system a long vowel is indicated by writing it twice. For example, ''īdi'' "he goes" is written ''i-i-ti'' rather than ''i-ti'', and ''ānda'' "in" is written ''a-an-ta'' rather than ''an-ta''.

===Hieroglyphic Luwian===
{{Infobox language
|name=Hieroglyphic Luwian
|nativename=''luwili''
|region=[[Anatolia]]
|ethnicity=[[Luwians]]
|extinct=around 600 BC
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Anatolian languages|Anatolian]]
|fam3=[[Anatolian languages#Luwic branch|Luwo]]-[[Lydian language|Lydian]]
|fam4=[[Anatolian languages#Luwic branch|Luwo]]-[[Palaic language|Palaic]]
|fam5=[[Anatolian languages#Luwic branch|Luwic]]
|fam6=Luwian
|ancestor=[[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor2=[[Proto-Anatolian language|Proto-Anatolian]]
|script=[[Anatolian hieroglyphs]]
|iso3=hlu
|glotto=hier1240
|glottorefname=Hieroglyphic Luwian
|linglist=hlu
|map=
|imagecaption=Luwian hieroglyphs at [[Hattusa]]
|image=Hattusa reliefs1.jpg
|mapcaption=Two Luwian hieroglyphic texts from the city of [[Carchemish]]
}}
[[File:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations057 kopie1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Stele of Sultanhan, [[Museum of Anatolian Civilizations]], Ankara]]
[[File:Vase à piédestal néo-hittite, exposition Royaumes oubliés, Louvre 2019.jpg|thumb|right|Basalt bowl with engraved inscription in Luwian hieroglyphics found in [[Babylon]], southern Iraq in the 1880s and now in the collection of the [[British Museum]]<ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1888-0801-1 British Museum collection]</ref>]]
Hieroglyphic Luwian (''luwili'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9004253416|title=isbn:9004253416 - Sök på Google|language=sv-US|access-date=2018-04-19}}</ref> is the corpus of Luwian texts written in a native script, known as [[Anatolian hieroglyphs]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Melchert|first=H. Craig|author-link=Craig Melchert|year=2004|contribution=Luvian|title=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages|editor-first=Roger D.|editor-last=Woodard|location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-56256-2}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Melchert|first=H. Craig|year=1996|contribution=Anatolian Hieroglyphs|title=The World's Writing Systems|editor1-first=Peter T.|editor1-last=Daniels|editor2-first=William|editor2-last=Bright|location=New York and Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-507993-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937}}</ref><ref>the script has also been called ''Luwian''  (or ''Luvian'') ''hieroglyphs'', and (in older publications) ''Hittite hieroglyphs''. A number of Italian scholars use ''Geroglifico Anatolico'', a term that is gaining popularity in English also, with [[Craig Melchert]] favouring ''Anatolian hieroglyphs'' in recent publications.</ref> It is recorded in official and royal [[Seal (emblem)|seals]] and a small number of monumental inscriptions.<ref>Ilya Yakubovich (2010: 69-70) argues that the term Hieroglyphic Luwian can be applied only to a corpus of texts, since it does not define a particular dialect.</ref> Once thought to be a variety of the [[Hittite language]], "Hieroglyphic Hittite" was formerly used to refer to the language of the same inscriptions, but this term is now obsolete. The dialect of Luwian hieroglyphic inscriptions appears to be either Empire Luwian or its descendant, Iron Age Luwian.

The earliest hieroglyphs appear on official and royal seals, dating from the early 2nd millennium BC, but only from the 14th century BC is the unequivocal evidence for a full-fledged writing system. Dutch Hittitologist [[Willemijn Waal]] has argued that Luwian Hieroglyphic was already used for writing on wooden writing boards from the early second millennium BC onwards,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=They wrote on wood. The case for a hieroglyphic scribal tradition on wooden writing boards in Hittite Anatolia|author=Waal, Willemijn|year=2011|journal=Anatolian Studies|volume=61|pages=21–34|doi = 10.1017/S0066154600008760|jstor = 23317552|s2cid=109494804}}</ref> but the argument has not been widely accepted. The first monumental inscriptions confirmed as Luwian date to the [[Late Bronze Age]], c. 14th to 13th centuries BC. After some two centuries of sparse material, the hieroglyphs resume in the Early [[Iron Age]], c. 10th to 8th centuries BC. In the early 7th century BC, the Luwian hieroglyphic script, by then aged more than 700 years, falls into oblivion.

The first report of a monumental inscription dates to 1850, when an inhabitant of [[Nevşehir]] reported the relief at [[Fraktin]]. In 1870, antiquarian travellers in [[Aleppo]] found another inscription built into the south wall of the [[Al-Qaiqan Mosque]]. In 1884, Polish scholar {{Interlanguage link|Marian Sokołowski|pl|3=Marian Sokołowski (historyk)}} discovered an inscription near [[Köylütolu]], in western [[Turkey]]. The largest known inscription was excavated in 1946 in [[Karatepe bilingual|Karatepe]]. Luwian hieroglyphic texts contain a limited number of lexical borrowings from [[Hittite language|Hittite]], [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]], and [[Northwest Semitic]]; the lexical borrowings from Greek are limited to proper nouns, although common nouns borrowed in the opposite direction do exist.<ref>Yakubovich 2010, pp. 140–57</ref>

A decipherment was presented by [[Emmanuel Laroche]] in 1960, building on partial decipherments proposed since the 1930s. Corrections to the readings of certain signs as well as other clarifications were given by David Hawkins, [[Anna Morpurgo Davies]] and Günther Neumann in 1973, generally referred to as "the new readings".

====Script====
{{main|Anatolian hieroglyphs}}
A more elaborate monumental style is distinguished from more abstract linear or cursive forms of the script. In general, relief inscriptions prefer monumental forms, and incised ones prefer the linear form, but the styles are in principle interchangeable. Texts of several lines are usually written in [[boustrophedon]] style. Within a line, signs are usually written in vertical columns, but as in [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]],  aesthetic considerations take precedence over correct reading order.

The script consists of the order of 500 unique signs,<ref>Laroche (1960) lists 524, but several signs separated by Laroche are now considered identical (e.g. *63 and *64 with *69, itself possibly a variant of *59 MANUS; *94 with *91 PES.SCALA.ROTAE (the "rollerskate" glyph); *136 with *43 CAPERE, etc.)</ref> some with multiple values; a given sign may function as a logogram, a determinative or a [[syllabogram]], or a combination thereof. The signs are numbered according to Laroche's sign list, with a prefix of 'L.' or '*'. Logograms are transcribed in Latin in capital letters. For example, *90, an image of a foot, is transcribed as PES when used logographically,  and with its phonemic value  ''ti'' when used as a syllabogram. In the rare cases where the logogram cannot be transliterated into Latin, it is rendered through its approximate Hittite equivalent, recorded in Italic capitals, e.g. *216 ''ARHA''. The most up-to-date sign list is that of Marazzi (1998).

Hawkins,  Morpurgo-Davies and Neumann corrected some previous errors about sign values, in particular emending the reading of symbols *376 and *377 from ''i, ī'' to ''zi, za''.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Roster of CV syllabograms:
! || -a || -i || -u
|-
| - || *450, *19 || *209 || *105
|-
| h- || *215, *196 || *413 || *307
|-
| k- || *434 || *446 || *423 
|-
| l- || *176 || *278 || *445 
|-
| m- || *110 || *391 || *107
|-
| n- || *35 || *411, *214 || *153, *395 
|-
| p- || *334 || *66 || *328 
|-
| r- 
|colspan=2| *383
| *412
|-
| s- || *415 *433, *104, *402, *327 || - || - 
|-
| t- || *100, *29, *41, *319, *172 || *90 || *89, *325 
|-
| w- 
|colspan=2| *439
| -
|-
| y- || *210 || - || -
|-
| z- || *377 || *376 || *432(?) 
|-
|}

Some signs are used as reading aid, marking the beginning of a word, the end of a word, or identifying a sign as a logogram. These are not mandatory and are used inconsistently.