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Lymph
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==Development== [[File:Capillary Microcirculation.svg|thumb|250 px|Formation of interstitial fluid from blood. [[Starling force]]s are labelled: the hydrostatic pressure is higher proximally, driving fluid out; oncotic forces are higher distally, pulling fluid in.]] Blood supplies [[nutrient]]s and important [[metabolite]]s to the cells of a [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]] and collects back the waste products they produce, which requires exchange of respective constituents between the blood and tissue cells. This exchange is not direct, but instead occurs through an intermediary called [[interstitial fluid]], which occupies the spaces between cells. As the blood and the surrounding cells continually add and remove substances from the interstitial fluid, its composition continually changes. Water and [[solutes]] can pass between the interstitial fluid and blood via [[diffusion]] across gaps in [[capillary]] walls called [[intercellular cleft]]s; thus, the blood and interstitial fluid are in [[dynamic equilibrium]] with each other.<ref name="Gray">{{Cite web |url=http://theodora.com/anatomy/the_lymphatic_system.html |title=The Lymphatic System |work=Human Anatomy (Gray's Anatomy) |access-date=12 October 2012}}</ref> Interstitial fluid forms at the [[arteriole|arterial]] (coming from the heart) end of capillaries because of the higher pressure of blood compared to [[vein]]s, and most of it returns to its [[venule|venous]] ends and [[venule]]s; the rest (up to 10%) enters the [[lymph capillary|lymph capillaries]] as lymph.<ref name=grays>{{cite book |last= Warwick|first= Roger|author2=Peter L. Williams |others= illustrated by Richard E. M. Moore|title= Gray's anatomy|orig-year= 1858|edition= Thirty-fifth|year= 1973|publisher= Longman|location= London|pages= 588β785|chapter= Angiology (Chapter 6)}}</ref> (Prior to entry, this fluid is referred to as the '''lymph obligatory load''', or LOL, as the lymphatic system is effectively "obliged" to return it to the cardiovascular network.<ref>{{cite book | title=Applied Anatomy & Physiology for Manual Therapists | first1=Pat | last1=Archer | first2=Lisa A. | last2=Nelson | year=2012 | page=604 | publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health | isbn=9781451179705 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3VG56tZkQoC&pg=PT604 }}</ref>) The lymph when formed is a watery clear liquid with the same composition as the interstitial fluid. However, as it flows through the lymph nodes it comes in contact with blood, and tends to accumulate more cells (particularly, lymphocytes) and proteins.<ref name=sloop>{{cite journal |last= Sloop|first= Charles H.|author2=Ladislav Dory |author3=Paul S. Roheim |date=March 1987|title=Interstitial fluid lipoproteins|journal= Journal of Lipid Research|volume= 28|issue= 3|pages= 225β237|doi= 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)38701-0|url= http://www.jlr.org/cgi/reprint/28/3/225.pdf|access-date=7 July 2008 |pmid= 3553402|doi-access= free}}</ref>
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