Editing M1 Garand (section)

===Development===
[[French Canadian]]-born Garand<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hambucken |first=Denis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TvjtDwAAQBAJ&dq=French+Canadian-born+Garand&pg=PA34 |title=A G.I. in The Ardennes: The Battle of the Bulge |date=2020-02-28 |publisher=Pen and Sword Military |isbn=978-1-5267-5621-3 |language=en}}</ref> went to work at the United States Army's [[Springfield Armory]] and began working on a .30 caliber [[Blowback (arms)|primer actuated blowback]] [[Garand Model 1919|Model 1919]] prototype. In 1924, twenty-four rifles, identified as "M1922s", were built at Springfield. At [[Fort Benning]] during 1925, they were tested against models by [[Berthier rifle|Berthier]], Hatcher-Bang, [[Thompson Autorifle|Thompson]], and [[Pedersen rifle|Pedersen]], the latter two being [[blowback (arms)|delayed blowback]] types.<ref name="rifles142">{{cite book |last=Walter |first=John |title=Rifles of the World |publisher=Krause Publications |year=2006 |location=Iola, WI |page=142 |edition=3rd |isbn=978-0-89689-241-5}}</ref> This led to a further trial of an improved "M1924" Garand against the Thompson, ultimately producing an inconclusive report.<ref name="rifles142"/> As a result, the [[Ordnance Board]] ordered a .30-06 Garand variant. In March 1927, the cavalry board reported trials among the Thompson, Garand, and '03 Springfield had not led to a clear winner. This led to a gas-operated .276 (7&nbsp;mm) model (patented by Garand on 12 April 1930).<ref name="rifles142"/>

In early 1928, both the [[infantry]] and [[cavalry]] boards ran trials with the [[Pedersen rifle|.276 Pedersen T1]] rifle, calling it "highly promising"<ref name="rifles142"/> (despite its use of [[wax]]ed ammunition,<ref name=FitzV19>Fitzsimons, ''op. cit.'', Volume 19, p. 2092, "Pedersen", describes the ammunition as "lubricated".</ref> shared by the Thompson).<ref name=Hatcher>{{cite book |last=Hatcher |first=Julian S. |date=1947 |title=Hatcher's Notebook |location=Harrisburg, PA |publisher=Military Service Publishing Co. |pages=44–46, 155–156, 165–166}}</ref> On 13 August 1928, a semiautomatic rifle board (SRB) carried out joint Army, [[United States Navy|Navy]], and [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]] trials among the .30 Thompson, both cavalry and infantry versions of the T1 Pedersen, "M1924" Garand, and [[M1922 Bang rifle|.256 Bang]], and on 21 September, the board reported no clear winner. The .30 Garand, however, was dropped in favor of the .276.<ref name="Walter143">{{cite book |last=Walter |first=John |title=Rifles of the World |publisher=Krause Publications|year=2006 |location=Iola, WI |page=143 |edition=3rd |isbn=978-0-89689-241-5}}</ref>

Further tests by the SRB in July 1929, which included rifle designs by Colt–Browning, Garand, [[Holek]], Pedersen, [[Rheinmetall]], Thompson, and an incomplete one by White,{{refn|group=nb|Additional trials in 1930 found Bostonian Joseph White's rifles insufficiently robust.<ref name="Walter143"/>}} led to a recommendation that work on the (dropped) .30 gas-operated Garand be resumed, and a T1E1 was ordered 14 November 1929.

Twenty gas-operated .276 T3E2 Garands were made and competed with T1 Pedersen rifles in early 1931. The .276 Garand was the clear winner of these trials. The .30 caliber Garand was also tested, in the form of a single T1E1, but was withdrawn with a cracked bolt on 9 October 1931. A 4 January 1932 meeting recommended adoption of the .276 caliber and production of approximately 125 T3E2s. Meanwhile, Garand redesigned his bolt and his improved T1E2 rifle was retested. The day after the successful conclusion of this test, [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Army Chief of Staff]] [[Douglas MacArthur|General Douglas MacArthur]] personally disapproved any caliber change, in part because there were extensive existing stocks of .30 M1 ball ammunition.<ref name=FitzV10>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Fitzsimons |editor-first=Bernard |title=Garand |date=1977 |encyclopedia=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Weapons and Warfare |location=London |publisher=Phoebus |pages=1088 |volume=10}}</ref> On 25 February 1932, Adjutant General John B. Shuman, speaking for the Secretary of War, ordered work on the rifles and ammunition in .276 caliber cease immediately and completely, and all resources be directed toward identification and correction of deficiencies in the Garand .30 caliber.<ref name=Hatcher />{{rp|111}}

On 3 August 1933, the T1E2 became the "semi-automatic rifle, caliber 30, M1".<ref name="rifles142"/> In May 1934, 75 M1s went to field trials; 50 went to infantry, 25 to cavalry units.<ref name=Hatcher />{{rp|113}} Numerous problems were reported, forcing the rifle to be modified, yet again, before it could be recommended for service and cleared for procurement on 7 November 1935, then standardized 9 January 1936.<ref name="rifles142"/> The first production model was successfully proof-fired, function-fired, and fired for accuracy on 21 July 1937.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olive-drab.com/od_other_firearms_rifle_m1garand.php3 |title=Military Firearms: M1 Garand Rifle |website=Olive-Drab.com |access-date=3 October 2008}}</ref>

Production difficulties delayed deliveries to the Army until September 1937. Machine production began at Springfield Armory that month at a rate of ten rifles per day,<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The First Garands |first=Bruce N. |last=Canfield |date=September 2011 |magazine=American Rifleman |pages=68–75 & 93}}</ref> and reached an output of 100 per day within two years. Despite going into production status, design issues were not at an end. The barrel, gas cylinder, and front sight assembly were redesigned and entered production in early 1940. Existing "gas-trap" rifles were recalled and retrofitted, mirroring problems with the earlier [[M1903 Springfield rifle]] that also had to be recalled and reworked approximately three years into production and foreshadowing rework of the [[M16 rifle]] at a similar point in its development. Production of the Garand increased in 1940 despite these difficulties,<ref name="Brown">{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Jerold E. |title=Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Army |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2000 |page=286 |isbn=978-0-313-29322-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000unse_n0c7/page/286}}</ref> reaching 600 a day by 10 January 1941,<ref name="rifles142"/> and the Army was fully equipped by the end of 1941.<ref name=FitzV10 /> Following the outbreak of World War II in Europe, [[Winchester Repeating Arms Company|Winchester]] was awarded an "educational" production contract for 65,000 rifles,<ref name="rifles142"/> with deliveries beginning in 1943.<ref name="rifles142"/>