Editing MacOS (section)

=== Mac OS X ===
The letter "X" in Mac OS X's name refers to the number 10, a [[Roman numerals|Roman numeral]], and Apple has stated that it should be pronounced "ten" in this context. However, it is also commonly pronounced like the letter "X".<ref name="ArsTec 2006.03" /><ref name="BBC OSX name">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b00z8dnj/Click_26_02_2011 |title=Click – BBC TV programme |date=February 26, 2011 |last=Kelly |first=Spencer |publisher=[[BBC]] |at=00:12:45 |access-date=March 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318005840/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b00z8dnj/Click_26_02_2011 |archive-date=March 18, 2011 |url-status=live |quote=Of course X ("ex") does mean 10, but anyone who used to poke around on Unix systems will know that in those days anything Unix had an X ("ex") in it, and OS Ten is written OS X ("ex") in honour of the fact that it is based on UNIX, unlike its predecessors. So, hey, you can say it any way you want; me, I'm showing my age and sticking with X (''ex''). |df=mdy-all}}</ref> The [[iPhone X]], [[iPhone XR]] and [[iPhone XS]] all later followed this convention.

Previous Macintosh operating systems (versions of the [[classic Mac OS]]) were named using [[Arabic numerals]], as with [[Mac OS 8]] and [[Mac OS 9]].<ref name="ten_not_x">{{Cite web |date=July 15, 2004 |title=What is an operating system (OS)? |url=https://support.apple.com/kb/TA22541 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226055954/https://support.apple.com/kb/TA22541 |archive-date=February 26, 2009 |access-date=December 20, 2006 |publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] |quote=The current version of Mac OS is Mac OS X (pronounced "Mac O-S ten"). |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="ArsTec 2006.03">{{Cite web |last=Siracusa |first=John |date=March 24, 2006 |title=Five years of Mac OS X |url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/reviews/2006/03/osx-fiveyears.ars |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625184020/https://arstechnica.com/apple/reviews/2006/03/osx-fiveyears.ars |archive-date=June 25, 2009 |access-date=April 15, 2009 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast Publishing|Condé Nast Digital]] |quote=Even Steve Jobs still says "ecks" instead of "ten" sometimes. |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Until [[macOS Big Sur|macOS 11 Big Sur]], all versions of the operating system were given version numbers of the form 10.''x'', with this going from 10.0 up until 10.15; starting with [[macOS Big Sur|macOS 11 Big Sur]], Apple switched to numbering major releases with numbers that increase by 1 with every major release.

The first version of Mac OS X, [[Mac OS X Server 1.0]], was a transitional product, featuring an interface resembling the [[classic Mac OS]], though it was not compatible with software designed for the older system. Consumer releases of Mac OS X included more [[backward compatibility]]. Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the [[Carbon (API)|Carbon API]]; many could also be run directly through the [[List of macOS components#Classic|Classic Environment]] with a reduction in performance.

The consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in 2001 with [[Mac OS X 10.0]]. Reviews were variable, with extensive praise for its sophisticated, glossy [[Aqua (user interface)|Aqua interface]], but criticizing it for sluggish performance.<ref name="Siracusa decade of Mac OS X reviews">{{Cite web |last=Siracusa |first=John |date=May 13, 2011 |title=Here's to the crazy ones: a decade of Mac OS X reviews |url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2011/05/mac-os-x-revisited/2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208074957/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2011/05/mac-os-x-revisited/2 |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |access-date=November 30, 2015 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |df=mdy-all}}</ref> With Apple's popularity at a low, the maker of [[FrameMaker]], [[Adobe Inc.]], declined to develop new versions of it for Mac OS X.<ref name="Adobe discontinues FrameMaker for Macintosh">{{Cite web |last=Dalrymple |first=Jim |date=March 23, 2004 |title=Adobe discontinues FrameMaker for Macintosh |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1030037/framemaker.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208120913/https://www.macworld.com/article/1030037/framemaker.html |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |access-date=30 November 2015 |website=[[Macworld]] |df=mdy-all}}</ref> ''[[Ars Technica]]'' columnist John Siracusa, who reviewed every major OS X release up to 10.10, described the early releases in retrospect as "dog-slow, feature poor" and Aqua as "unbearably slow and a huge resource hog".<ref name="Siracusa decade of Mac OS X reviews" /><ref name="Lion review Siracusa" /><ref name="Jon Rubinstein sends message to HP staff; Addresses TouchPad reviews">{{Cite web |last=Rubenstein |first=John |date=July 1, 2011 |title=Jon Rubinstein sends message to HP staff; Addresses TouchPad reviews |url=https://www.webosnation.com/jon-rubenstein-sends-message-hp-staff-addresses-touchpad-reviews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208123726/https://www.webosnation.com/jon-rubenstein-sends-message-hp-staff-addresses-touchpad-reviews |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |access-date=November 30, 2015 |website=WebOS Nation |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Apple rapidly developed several new releases of Mac OS X.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spolsky |first=Joel |date=June 13, 2004 |title=How Microsoft Lost the API War |url=https://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/APIWar.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426050037/https://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/APIWar.html |archive-date=April 26, 2009 |access-date=April 15, 2009 |quote=The developers of the Macintosh OS at Apple have always been in this camp [i.e. not trying to be backwards compatible no matter what]. It's why so few applications from the early days of the Macintosh still work... |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Siracusa's review of version 10.3, [[Mac OS X Panther|Panther]], noted "It's strange to have gone from years of uncertainty and [[vaporware]] to a steady annual supply of major new operating system releases."<ref name="OS X Panther review Siracusa">{{Cite web |last=Siracusa |first=John |date=November 9, 2003 |title=OS X Panther review |url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2003/11/macosx-10-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126155239/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2003/11/macosx-10-3 |archive-date=November 26, 2015 |access-date=30 November 2015 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Version 10.4, [[Mac OS X Tiger|Tiger]], reportedly shocked executives at [[Microsoft]] by offering a number of features, such as fast file searching and improved graphics processing, that Microsoft had spent [[Development of Windows Vista|several years struggling]] to add to [[Windows Vista]] with acceptable performance.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gregg Keizer |date=January 29, 2007 |title=Microsoft's Vista Had Major Mac Envy, Company E-Mails Reveal |url=https://www.informationweek.com/microsofts-vista-had-major-mac-envy-company-e-mails-reveal/d/d-id/1051287 |magazine=Information Week |access-date=July 10, 2021 |archive-date=July 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711175300/https://www.informationweek.com/microsofts-vista-had-major-mac-envy-company-e-mails-reveal/d/d-id/1051287 |url-status=live }}</ref>

As the operating system evolved, it moved away from the [[classic Mac OS]], with applications being added and removed.<ref name="Orlowski Jaguar review">{{Cite web |last=Orlowski |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Orlowski |title=The Jagwyre Review |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/08/27/the_jagwyre_review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920045015/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/08/27/the_jagwyre_review |archive-date=September 20, 2017 |access-date=19 September 2017 |website=The Register |quote=Using Mac OS X is like touring a land of fabulous ancient treasures – with a tourist authority that's still busy renovating them, and that hasn't quite completed the infrastructure. The sights can be breathtaking, but the roads are potholed and incomplete, and sometimes you have to get out and push. There are a few magnificent modern additions – Rendezvous, AppleScript Studio, for example – but in places the modern Apple archaeologists seem to have forgotten their ancestors techniques, and have resorted to inferior contemporary methods such as the Windows bodge of using three letter extensions for identifying the file type. |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Considering music to be a key market, Apple developed the [[iPod]] music player and music software for the Mac, including [[iTunes]] and [[GarageBand]].<ref name="Apple and the Oak Tree">{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Ben |date=August 2, 2017 |title=Apple and the Oak Tree |url=https://stratechery.com/2017/apple-and-the-oak-tree |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920045301/https://stratechery.com/2017/apple-and-the-oak-tree |archive-date=September 20, 2017 |access-date=19 September 2017 |website=Stratechery |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Targeting the consumer and media markets, Apple emphasized its new "digital lifestyle" applications such as the [[iLife]] suite, integrated home entertainment through the [[Front Row (software)|Front Row]] media center and the [[Safari (browser)|Safari]] web browser. With the increasing popularity of the internet, Apple offered additional online services, including the .Mac, [[MobileMe]] and most recently [[iCloud]] products. It later began selling third-party applications through the [[Mac App Store]].

Newer versions of Mac OS X also included modifications to the general interface, moving away from the striped gloss and transparency of the initial versions. Some applications began to use a [[Brushed Metal (interface)|brushed metal]] appearance, or non-pinstriped title bar appearance in version 10.4.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rizzo |first=John |date=November 12, 2003 |title=Mac OS X 10.3 Panther |url=https://www.builderau.com.au/news/soa/Mac-OS-X-10-3-Panther/0,339028227,320280883,00.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208235440/https://www.builderau.com.au/news/soa/Mac-OS-X-10-3-Panther/0,339028227,320280883,00.htm |archive-date=December 8, 2008 |access-date=April 15, 2009 |quote=Once you reboot, you'll notice that Apple has abandoned the light and airy Aqua interface for the darker, heavier brushed-metal look of iTunes. |df=mdy-all}}</ref> In Leopard, Apple announced a unification of the interface, with a standardized gray-gradient window style.<ref>{{Cite web |last=W. |first=Jeff |date=May 27, 2008 |title=Mac OS X (10.5)&nbsp;– User Interface Changes |url=https://helpdesk.wisc.edu/page.php?id=6609 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720114352/https://helpdesk.wisc.edu/page.php?id=6609 |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |access-date=April 15, 2009 |publisher=University of Wisconsin |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="OS X Leopard review Siracusa">{{Cite web |last=Siracusa |first=John |date=October 29, 2007 |title=OS X Leopard review |url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2007/10/mac-os-x-10-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125191152/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2007/10/mac-os-x-10-5 |archive-date=November 25, 2015 |access-date=30 November 2015 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In 2006, the first [[Intel]] Macs were released with a specialized version of [[Mac OS X Tiger|Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mac OS X versions (builds) for computers – Apple Support |url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204319 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514151331/https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204319 |archive-date=May 14, 2015 |access-date=May 24, 2015 |website=support.apple.com |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

A key development for the system was the announcement and release of the [[iPhone]] from 2007 onwards. While Apple's previous [[iPod classic|iPod]] media players used a [[Embedded operating system|minimal]] operating system, the iPhone used an operating system based on Mac OS X, which would later be called "[[IPhone OS 1|iPhone OS]]" and then [[iOS]]. The simultaneous release of two operating systems based on the same frameworks placed tension on Apple, which cited the iPhone as forcing it to delay [[Mac OS X Leopard|Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard]].<ref name="Apple announces Leopard delays due to the iPhone">{{Cite web |last=Chartier |first=David |title=Apple announces Leopard delays due to the iPhone |url=https://www.engadget.com/2007/04/12/apple-announces-leopard-delays-due-to-the-iphone |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208125414/https://www.engadget.com/2007/04/12/apple-announces-leopard-delays-due-to-the-iphone |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |access-date=30 November 2015 |website=Engadget |date=April 12, 2007 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> However, after Apple opened the iPhone to third-party developers its commercial success drew attention to Mac OS X, with many iPhone software developers showing interest in Mac development.<ref name="WWDC 2009 Wrap-Up">{{Cite web |last=Gruber |first=John |title=WWDC 2009 Wrap-Up |url=https://daringfireball.net/2009/06/wwdc09_wrapup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208045529/https://daringfireball.net/2009/06/wwdc09_wrapup |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |access-date=30 November 2015 |website=Daring Fireball |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In 2007, [[Mac OS X Leopard|Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard]] was the sole release with [[universal binary]] components, allowing installation on both Intel Macs and select [[PowerPC]] Macs.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Apple to Ship Mac OS X Leopard on October 26 |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2007/10/16Apple-to-Ship-Mac-OS-X-Leopard-on-October-26/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128030037/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2007/10/16Apple-to-Ship-Mac-OS-X-Leopard-on-October-26/ |archive-date=January 28, 2018 |access-date=January 2, 2018 |website=apple.com |df=mdy-all}}</ref> It is also the final release with PowerPC Mac support. [[Mac OS X Snow Leopard|Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard]] was the first version of Mac OS X to be built exclusively for Intel Macs, and the final release with 32-bit Intel Mac support.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard |url=https://store.apple.com/us/product/MC573Z/A/mac-os-x-106-snow-leopard |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525072701/https://store.apple.com/us/product/MC573Z/A/mac-os-x-106-snow-leopard |archive-date=May 25, 2015 |access-date=May 24, 2015 |website=Apple Store (U.S.) |df=mdy-all}}</ref> The name was intended to signal its status as an iteration of Leopard, focusing on technical and performance improvements rather than user-facing features; indeed it was explicitly branded to developers as being a 'no new features' release.<ref name="Snow Leopard—an OS without new features">{{Cite web |last=Turner |first=Dan |title=Apple's Snow Leopard—an OS without new features |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1133949/snowleopard.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109063859/https://www.macworld.com/article/1133949/snowleopard.html |archive-date=January 9, 2018 |access-date=8 January 2018 |website=Macworld |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Since its release, several OS X or macOS releases (namely [[OS X Mountain Lion]], [[OS X El Capitan]], [[macOS High Sierra]], and [[macOS Monterey]]) follow this pattern, with a name derived from its predecessor, similar to the '[[tick–tock model]]' used by Intel.

In two succeeding versions, [[OS X Lion|Lion]] and [[OS X Mountain Lion|Mountain Lion]], Apple moved some applications to a highly [[Skeuomorph#Use in Apple products|skeuomorphic]] style of design inspired by contemporary versions of iOS while simplifying some elements by making controls such as scroll bars fade out when not in use.<ref name="Lion review Siracusa">{{Cite web |last=Siracusa |first=John |date=July 20, 2011 |title=Lion review |url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2011/07/mac-os-x-10-7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214144440/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2011/07/mac-os-x-10-7 |archive-date=December 14, 2015 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |df=mdy-all}}</ref> This direction was, like brushed metal interfaces, unpopular with some users, although it continued a trend of greater animation and variety in the interface previously seen in design aspects such as the [[Time Machine (OS X)|Time Machine]] [[Backup software|backup]] utility, which presented past file versions against a swirling nebula, and the glossy translucent [[Dock (OS X)|dock]] of [[OS X Leopard|Leopard]] and [[OS X Snow Leopard|Snow Leopard]].<ref name="Apple's History of Skeuomorphism">{{Cite web |last=Brand |first=Thomas |date=July 24, 2012 |title=Apple's History of Skeuomorphism |url=https://eggfreckles.net/2012/07/24/apples-history-of-skeuomorphism |access-date=March 21, 2020 |website=Egg Freckles |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803195613/https://eggfreckles.net/2012/07/24/apples-history-of-skeuomorphism/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In addition, with [[Mac OS X Lion|Mac OS X 10.7 Lion]], Apple ceased to release separate [[OS X Server|server]] versions of Mac OS X, selling server tools as a separate downloadable application through the Mac App Store. A review described the trend in the server products as becoming "cheaper and simpler... shifting its focus from large businesses to small ones."<ref name="Guide to OS X Server">{{Cite web |last=Cunningham |first=Andrew |date=July 29, 2012 |title=Server, simplified: A power user's guide to OS X Server |url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2012/07/the-server-simplified-a-power-users-guide-to-os-x-server |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208042819/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2012/07/the-server-simplified-a-power-users-guide-to-os-x-server |archive-date=December 8, 2015 |access-date=2 December 2015 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |df=mdy-all}}</ref>