Editing Mackem (section)

==Phonology==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2016}}
{{IPA notice|section}}
* ''Make'' and ''take'' are pronounced ''mak'' and ''tak'' ({{IPA|[ˈmak]}} and {{IPA|[ˈtak]}}) in the most conservative forms of the dialect. This variation is the supposed reason why Tyneside shipyard workers might have coined "Mak'em" as an insult.<ref name=OEDMackem>{{cite web|title=Mackem Accent |publisher=Oxford English Dictionary |work=OED Online |url=http://www.oed.com/bbcwords/mackem.html |access-date=21 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024042256/http://www.oed.com/bbcwords/mackem.html |archive-date=24 October 2007 }}</ref> However, the pronunciation of the word is not confined to Sunderland and can be found in other areas of Northern England and Scotland.
* Many words ending in ''-own'' are pronounced {{IPA|[-ʌun]}} (cf. Geordie: {{IPA|[-uːn]}}).{{clarify|date=August 2011|reason=This is too vague and it can't possibly based on spelling anyway, since English orthography is wildly inconsistent. "Town"/"noun" versus "own"/"bone" have radically different pronunciations. Which one are we talking about here?  And how is the OTHER pronounced?}}
* ''School'' is split into two [[syllable]]s, with a short {{IPA|[ə]}} in between, {{IPA|[ˈskʉ.əl]}}. This is also the case for words with a {{sc2|GOOSE}} vowel preceding {{IPA|/l/}}, which are monosyllabic in some other dialects, such as ''cruel'', ''fuel'' and ''fool'', in Mackem which are {{IPA|[ˈkrʉ.əl]}}, {{IPA|[ˈfjʉ.əl]}} and {{IPA|[ˈfʉ.əl]}} respectively.
* This "extra syllable" occurs in other words spoken in Mackem dialect, i.e. ''film'' is {{IPA|[ˈfɪləm]}}. This feature has led to some words being very differently pronounced in Sunderland. The word ''face'', due to the inclusion of an extra {{IPA|[ə]}} and the contraction thereof, is often pronounced {{IPA|[ˈfjas]}}. While {{IPA|[ˈfjas]}} and some other cases of this extra vowel have been observed in the Geordie dialect,<ref>{{cite web|title=Where I Actually Live|work=Blast|publisher=BBC Lincolnshire|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/lincolnshire/content/articles/2006/08/09/whereiactuallylive_feature.shtml|access-date=21 September 2007|date=5 August 2006}}</ref> 
*''Book'' rhymes with ''spook'' as in Northumberland and on Tyneside, however, there is a difference in vowel quality between Tyneside {{IPA|[ˈbuːk]}} and Mackem {{IPA|[bʉːk]}}, {{IPA|[bəuk]}} or {{IPA|[ˈbᵊuk]}}.
* The {{sc2|COMMA}} vowel pronounced {{IPA|[ə]}} as in Received Pronunciation, unlike the [[rhotic and non-rhotic accents|rhotic]] Scots variant. Cf. Geordie {{IPA|[æ]}}.
* Most words that have the {{sc2|TRAP}} vowel are pronounced with a short {{IPA|/æ/}} such as ''after, laughter, pasta.'' However, in the same way as the Geordie dialect, the words ''plaster'' and ''master'' are often pronounced with a long {{IPA|/ɑː/}}. This is not found in most northern accents apart from in the North East.
* The Mackem accent is different from Geordie in some instances. For example, the pronunciation of ''curry'' is often more like ''cerry.'' As well as this the use of oo <u:> in words with the BROWN vowel isn't as frequent as it is in the Geordie accent (Sunderland=town v Newcastle=toon), however, this feature was traditionally found in all dialects north of the [[Humber–Lune Line]]. 
*In words such as ''green'' and ''cheese'' it has been said that the Sunderland accent has more of a {{IPA|[ɛi]}} diphthong instead of the standard {{IPAc-en|iː}} vowel in most dialects of English.{{sfnp|Pearce|2012|p=12}}
* [[H-dropping]] in words such as ''him, her, half'' is said to be a feature in [[Sunderland]], [[Butterknowle]], [[Hartlepool]] and [[Middlesbrough]], but not in other areas of the North East.{{sfnp|Pearce|2009}}{{sfnp|Burbano-Elizondo|2008}}{{clarify|date=August 2011|reason=What's the IPA?}}
* {{IPA|/l/}} is traditionally clear in all contexts, meaning the [[Dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants#Velarized alveolar lateral approximant|velarised allophone]] is absent.<ref name="Beal">{{cite book |last1=Beal |first1=Joan, C. |last2=Burbano-Elizondo |first2=Lourdes |last3=Llamas |first3=Carmen |title=Urban North-eastern English: Tyneside to Teesside (Dialects of English) |date=2012 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh}}</ref>