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Maglev
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=== First maglev patent === High-speed transportation patents were granted to various inventors throughout the world.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{US patent|3736880}}, 21 January 1972. Page 10, Column 1 Line 15 to Column 2 Line 25.</ref> The first relevant patent, {{US patent|714851}} (2 December 1902), issued to Albert C. Albertson, used magnetic levitation to take part of the weight off of the wheels while using conventional propulsion. Early United States patents for a [[linear motor]] propelled train were awarded to German inventor {{ill|Alfred Zehden|de| Alfred Zehden|vertical-align=sup}}. The inventor was awarded {{US patent|782312}} (14 February 1905) and {{US patent|RE12700}} (21 August 1907).{{refn|group=note|Zehden describes a geometry in which the linear motor is used below a steel beam, giving partial levitation of the vehicle. These patents were later cited by ''Electromagnetic apparatus generating a gliding magnetic field'' by Jean Candelas ({{US patent|4131813}}), ''Air cushion supported, omnidirectionally steerable, traveling magnetic field propulsion device'' by Harry A. Mackie ({{US patent|3357511}}) and ''Two-sided linear induction motor especially for suspended vehicles'' by Schwarzer et al. ({{US patent|3820472}})}} In 1907, another early electromagnetic transportation system was developed by F. S. Smith.<ref name="US patent|859018">{{US patent|859018}}, 2 July 1907.</ref> In 1908, [[Cleveland]] mayor [[Tom L. Johnson]] filed a patent for a wheel-less "high-speed railway" levitated by an induced magnetic field.<ref name="US patent|1090213">{{US patent|1090213}}, 17 March 1914</ref> Jokingly known as "Greased Lightning," the suspended car operated on a 90-foot test track in Johnson's basement "absolutely noiseless[ly] and without the least vibration."<ref>Johnson, Tom L.. ''My Story.'' B. W. Huebsch, 1911; reprint Kent State University Press 1993. pg. xlv-xlvi</ref> A series of German patents for magnetic levitation trains propelled by linear motors were awarded to [[Hermann Kemper]] between 1937 and 1941.{{refn|group=note|These German patents would be GR643316 (1937), GR44302 (1938), GR707032 (1941).}} An early maglev train was described in {{US patent|3158765}}, "Magnetic system of transportation", by G. R. Polgreen on 25 August 1959. The first use of "maglev" in a United States patent was in "Magnetic levitation guidance system"<ref name="US patent|3858521">{{US patent|3858521}}; 26 March 1973.</ref> by [[Canadian Patents and Development Limited]].
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