Editing Magnum Concilium (section)

== Plantagenet England ==
Traditionally, the great council was not involved in levying taxes. Royal finances derived from land revenues, [[feudal aid]]s and [[Feudal duties|incidents]], and the profits of royal justice. This changed near the end of [[Henry II of England|Henry II's]] reign (1154–1189) due to the need to finance the [[Third Crusade]], [[Richard I of England#Captivity, ransom and return|ransom Richard I]], and pay for the series of [[Anglo-French Wars|Anglo-French wars]] fought between the [[Capetian–Plantagenet rivalry|Plantagenet and Capetian dynasties]]. In 1188, Henry II gained the council's consent to levy the [[Saladin tithe]]. The precedent of gaining the magnates' consent in council for taxation was followed thereafter. In the process, the council assumed a more representative role since they were in effect consenting on behalf of the kingdom's taxpayers. At the same time, these financial pressures created new political tensions between the baronage and the Crown.{{Sfn|Maddicott|2009|p=6}}

[[John, King of England|King John]] ({{reign|1199|1216}}) alienated the barons by showing partiality when dispensing justice, heavy financial demands and abusing his right to feudal incidents and aids. In 1215, the barons forced John to abide by a charter of liberties similar to charters issued by earlier kings (see [[Charter of Liberties]]).{{Sfn|Lyon|2016|pp=58 & 62–63}} Known as [[Magna Carta]] (Latin for "Great Charter"), the document was based on three assumptions important to the later development of Parliament:{{Sfn|Butt|1989|p=60}}
# the king was subject to the law
# the king could only make law and raise taxation (except customary feudal dues) with the consent of the "community of the realm"
# that the obedience owed by subjects to the king was conditional and not absolute

While the clause stipulating no taxation "without the common counsel" was deleted from later reissues, it was nevertheless followed. Magna Carta transformed the feudal obligation to advise the king into a right to consent. The liberties guaranteed in the charter were granted to "all the free men of our realm", but it was the barons in council who would represent them.{{Sfn|Maddicott|2009|pp=6–7}}

During the reign of John's son, [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] ({{reign|1216|1272}}), meetings of the great council began to be called ''parliament'' from the [[French language|French]] {{lang|fr|parlement}} first used in the late 11th century with the meaning of [[parley]] or conversation.{{Sfn|Richardson|Sayles|1981|p=I 146}} The [[Parliament of England]] would continue to develop in the reign of Henry's son [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] ({{reign|1272|1307}}).