Editing Mandrill (section)

==Characteristics==
[[File:Mandrilperspective6.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Skull of male mandrill, showing the long canines and ridged bone swellings|alt=Skull of male mandrill, showing the long canines and ridged bone swellings]]
The mandrill has a stocky body with a large head and muzzle, as well as a short and stumpy tail.{{sfn|Dixson|2015|p=16}} The limbs are evenly sized and the fingers and toes are more elongated than those in baboons,<ref name="Ankel-Simons 2007 ">{{cite book|last=Ankel-Simons |first=F. |year=2007 |title=Primate Anatomy: An Introduction|edition=3rd|publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |isbn=978-0-08-046911-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mwl3M6c5KzoC&q=%22Mandrill%22|page=128}}</ref> with a more opposable big toe on the feet.{{sfn|Dixson|2015|p=23}} The mandrill is the most [[sexually dimorphic]] primate,<ref name="Leigh 2008"/> and it is the largest [[monkey]].{{sfn|Dixson|2015|p=114}} Females are less stocky and have shorter, flatter snouts.{{sfn|Dixson|2015|p=16}} Males have a {{cvt|70|–|95|cm}} head-body length and weigh {{cvt|19|–|30|kg}} while females have a {{cvt|55|–|70|cm}} head-body length and weigh {{cvt|10|–|15|kg}}.<ref name=kingdon>{{cite book |author=Kingdon, J. |year=2015|title=The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |page=129 |isbn=978-1-4729-1236-7}}</ref> Most of the teeth are larger in males,<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Dirks, W. |author2=Lemmers, S. A. M. |author3=Ngoubangoye, B. |author4=Herbert, A. |author5=Setchell, J. M. |year=2020 |title=Odontochronologies in male and female mandrills (''Mandrillus sphinx'') and the development of dental sexual dimorphism |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=172 |issue=4 |pages=528–544 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.24094 |pmid=32510604 |s2cid=219539657|doi-access=free}}</ref> and the canine teeth reach up to {{cvt|4.5|cm}} and {{cvt|1|cm}} long for males and females respectively.<ref name="Leigh 2008">{{cite journal |author1=Leigh, S. R.|author2=Setchell, J. M. |author3=Charpentier, M. |author4=Knapp, L. A. |author5=Wickings, E. J. |pmid=18472142 |year=2008|title=Canine tooth size and fitness in male mandrills (''Mandrillus sphinx'') |volume=55|issue=1|pages=75–85 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.001 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution|bibcode=2008JHumE..55...75L }}</ref> Both sexes have {{cvt|7|–|10|cm}} long tails.<ref name=kingdon/>

[[File:Mandrils (36370557765).jpg|thumb|upright=1|Male and female mandrills, showing size and color dimorphism|alt=Male and female mandrill sitting down]]
The [[animal coat|coat]] of the mandrill is primarily grizzled or [[Agouti (coloration)|banded]] olive-brown with a yellow-orange beard and sparse, light hairs on its underside.{{sfn|Dixson|2015|p=16}}<ref name=kingdon/> The lips are surrounded by stiff white [[whiskers]], and white bare skin exists behind the ears. Male mandrills have a "crest" of long hairs on the head and neck, while both sexes have chest glands which are covered by long hairs. The face, rump and genitals have less hair.{{sfn|Dixson|2015|pp=16–17}} The mandrill has a red line running down the middle of their face which connects to their red nose. On either side of the line, the skin is blue and grooved.<ref name=kingdon/>{{sfn|Dixson|2015|p=17}} In males, the blue skin is supported by ridged bone swellings. Females have more subdued facial coloring, but this can vary between individuals with some having stronger red and blue hues and others being darker or almost black.{{sfn|Dixson|2015|pp=17–18}} In males, the rump and areas around the genitals are multi-colored, consisting of red, pink, blue and purple skin,<ref name="Ankel-Simons 2007 "/>{{sfn|Dixson|2015|pp=17–18}} with a red penis shaft and violet scrotum. The genital and anal areas of the female are red.{{sfn|Dixson|2015|pp=17–19}}

The mandrill is among the most colorful mammals. [[Charles Darwin]] wrote in ''[[The Descent of Man]]'': "no other member of the whole class of mammals is coloured in so extraordinary a manner as the adult male mandrill".<ref>{{cite book|last=Darwin|first=C. |author-link=Charles Darwin |year=1871|title=The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex|publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |oclc=39301709 |page=292 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Na9LAAAAMAAJ/page/n303}}</ref> The red coloration is created by blood vessels near the surface of the skin,<ref name="Setchell 2001" /> while the blue is a form of [[structural coloration]] caused by parallel arrangements of [[collagen]] fibers.<ref name=Prum2004>{{Cite journal|last1=Prum|first1=R. O.|last2=Torres|first2=R. H. |year=2004 |title=Structural colouration of mammalian skin: Convergent evolution of coherently scattering dermal collagen arrays |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=207 |issue=12|pages=2157–2172 |doi=10.1242/jeb.00989 |pmid=15143148|s2cid=8268610|doi-access=free |url=https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/1808/1599/1/2157.pdf}}</ref> The blue ridges on males contrast with both the red facial hues and the green foliage of their environment, helping them stand out to other individuals.<ref name="Renoult 2011">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0029117|pmid=22216180|pmc=3244440|title=The evolution of the multicoloured face of mandrills: Insights from the perceptual space of colour vision|journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=12 |page=e29117 |year=2011 |last1=Renoult|first1=J. P.|last2=Schaefer|first2=H. M. |last3=Sallé |first3=B. |last4=Charpentier |first4=M. J. E. |bibcode=2011PLoSO...629117R |doi-access=free}}</ref> The darker and more subdued coloring of female faces is caused by [[melanin]].{{sfn|Dixson|2015|p=18}}