Editing Mango (section)

== Taxonomy ==
[[File:09251jfFilipino foods fruits Bulacan landmarksfvf 37.jpg|thumb|[[Carabao mango|'Carabao']], a typical "Southeast Asian type" [[polyembryonic]] mango cultivar]]
[[File:Mango LangraBenarsi Asit fs8.jpg|thumb|[[Langra mango|'Langra']], a typical "Indian type" [[monoembryonic]] mango cultivar]]

Mangoes originated from the region between northwestern Myanmar, Bangladesh, and northeastern India.<ref name="Kuhn"/><ref name="Warschefsky"/> The mango is considered an [[evolutionary anachronism]], whereby [[seed dispersal]] was once accomplished by a now-[[Extinction|extinct]] evolutionary [[foraging|forager]], such as a [[megafauna]] mammal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Spengler|first=Robert N.|date=April 2020|title=Anthropogenic Seed Dispersal: Rethinking the Origins of Plant Domestication|journal=Trends in Plant Science|language=en|volume=25|issue=4|pages=340–348|doi=10.1016/j.tplants.2020.01.005|pmid=32191870|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020TPS....25..340S |hdl=21.11116/0000-0005-C7E0-D|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

From their center of origin, mangoes diverged into two genetically distinct populations: the subtropical Indian group and the tropical Southeast Asian group. The Indian group is characterized by having [[monoembryonic]] fruits, while [[polyembryonic]] fruits characterize the Southeast Asian group.<ref name="Kuhn">{{cite journal |last1=Kuhn |first1=David N. |last2=Bally |first2=Ian S. E. |last3=Dillon |first3=Natalie L. |last4=Innes |first4=David |last5=Groh |first5=Amy M. |last6=Rahaman |first6=Jordon |last7=Ophir |first7=Ron |last8=Cohen |first8=Yuval |last9=Sherman |first9=Amir |title=Genetic Map of Mango: A Tool for Mango Breeding |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |date=20 April 2017 |volume=8 |pages=577 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2017.00577 |pmid=28473837 |pmc=5397511 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Warschefsky">{{cite journal |last1=Warschefsky |first1=Emily J. |last2=Wettberg |first2=Eric J. B. |title=Population genomic analysis of mango (''Mangifera indica'') suggests a complex history of domestication |journal=New Phytologist |date=June 2019 |volume=222 |issue=4 |pages=2023–2037 |doi=10.1111/nph.15731 |pmid=30730057 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2019NewPh.222.2023W }}</ref>

It was previously believed that mangoes originated from a single [[domestication]] event in South Asia before being spread to Southeast Asia, but a 2019 study found no evidence of a center of diversity in India. Instead, it identified a higher unique genetic diversity in Southeast Asian cultivars than in Indian cultivars, indicating that mangoes may have originally been domesticated first in Southeast Asia before being introduced to South Asia. However, the authors also cautioned that the diversity in Southeast Asian mangoes might be the result of other reasons (like [[interspecific hybridization]] with other ''[[Mangifera]]'' species native to the [[Malesia]]n ecoregion). Nevertheless, the existence of two distinct genetic populations also identified by the study indicates that the domestication of the mango is more complex than previously assumed and would at least indicate multiple domestication events in Southeast Asia and South Asia.<ref name="Kuhn"/><ref name="Warschefsky"/>

=== Cultivars ===
{{Main|List of mango cultivars}}

There are hundreds of named mango cultivars. In mango [[orchard]]s, several cultivars are often grown to improve pollination. Many desired cultivars are [[Monoembryony|monoembryonic]] and must be propagated by [[grafting]], or they do not breed true. A common monoembryonic cultivar is [[Alphonso (mango)|'Alphonso']], an important export product, considered "the king of mangoes".<ref name="NYTAllen" />

Cultivars that excel in one climate may fail elsewhere. For example, Indian cultivars such as 'Julie,' a prolific cultivar in Jamaica, require annual [[fungicide]] treatments to escape the lethal [[fungal disease]] [[anthracnose]] in Florida. Asian mangoes are resistant to anthracnose.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hunsberger |first1=Adrian |last2=Balerdi |first2=Carlos |title=DOORYARD DISEASE CONTROL FOR MANGOS IN FLORIDA |url=https://sfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/media/sfylifasufledu/miami-dade/documents/insect-pests-amp-diseases/Mango-Disease-Cntrl-HomeownersF.S..pdf |publisher=University of Florida/IFAS Miami-Dade County Extension |access-date=10 March 2023 |date=February 2012 |quote=Mango varieties that are susceptible to anthracnose are: 'Cogshall', 'Graham', 'Haden', 'Irwin', 'Julie', 'Kent', 'Mallika', 'Valencia Pride', 'Zill', and others. Those that are susceptible to powdery mildew are: 'Alphonso', 'Carrie', 'Glenn', 'Haden', 'Keitt', 'Kent', 'Nam Doc Mai', 'Zill' and a few others. These will most likely need to be sprayed with fungicides each year.}}</ref>

The current [[Western world|western]] market is dominated by the cultivar [[Tommy Atkins (mango)|'Tommy Atkins']], a seedling of [[Haden (mango)|'Haden']] that first fruited in 1940 in southern Florida and was initially rejected commercially by Florida researchers.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Susser, Allen |title=The Great Mango Book |publisher=Ten Speed Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-58008-204-4 |location=New York}}</ref> Growers and importers worldwide have embraced the cultivar for its excellent productivity and disease resistance, [[shelf life]], transportability, size, and appealing color.<ref name="star">{{cite web |author=Mintz C |date=24 May 2008 |title=Sweet news: Ataulfos are in season |url=https://www.thestar.com/life/2008/05/24/sweet_news_ataulfos_are_in_season.html |access-date=1 August 2015 |work=Toronto Star}}</ref> Although the Tommy Atkins cultivar is commercially successful, other cultivars may be preferred by consumers for eating pleasure, such as Alphonso.<ref name="NYTAllen" /><ref name="star" />

Generally, ripe mangoes have an orange-yellow or reddish peel and are juicy for eating, while exported fruit are often picked while underripe with green peels. Although producing [[Ethylene as a plant hormone|ethylene]] while ripening, unripened exported mangoes do not have the same juiciness or flavor as fresh fruit.