Editing Marquesan language (section)

==Morpho-syntax==

=== Noun and verb phrases ===
Verbal particles are placed before the verb they modify.<ref>Margaret Mutu & Ben Teìkitutoua (2002), p. 38</ref>

{| class="wikitable" 
|+ Verbal Phrase<ref name="Margaret Mutu 2002 p. 40">Margaret Mutu & Ben Teìkitutoua (2002), p. 40</ref>
!colspan=2| Verbal Particles
!example
!example in a sentence
|-
| past || {{Lang|mrq|i}}|| {{Lang|mrq|i ui}} (asked) || {{Lang|mrq|te mehai i iu}} (the youth asked)
|-
| present || {{Lang|mrq|te...nei}}|| {{Lang|mrq|te maakau nei}} (think) || {{Lang|mrq|te maakau nei au i tuu kui}} (I think of my mother)
|-
| perfective || {{Lang|mrq|u/ua}} || {{Lang|mrq|u hanau}} (was born) || {{Lang|mrq|u hanau au i Hakehatau}} (I was born at Hakehatau)
|-
| imperfective || {{Lang|mrq|e}} || {{Lang|mrq|e hee}} (going) || {{Lang|mrq|e hee koe i hea}} (where are you going?)
|-
| inceptive || {{Lang|mrq|atahi a}} || {{Lang|mrq|atahi a kai}} (then they eat) || {{Lang|mrq|iu pao taia, atahi a kai}} (...when finish that, then do they eat)
|-
| imperative || {{Lang|mrq|a}} || {{Lang|mrq|a hee!}} (go!) || {{Lang|mrq|a hee io te tante}} (go to the doctor!)
|}

A noun phrase in Marquesan is any phrase beginning with either a case marker or a determiner. Case markers or prepositions always precede the determiners, which in turn precede the number markers. As such, they all precede the noun they modify.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Ùa Pou: Aspects of a Marquesan dialect|last=Mutu & Teìkitutoua|year=2002|pages=72}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Nominal Phrase Markers<ref name=":0" />
!colspan=2| Articles
!colspan=2| Demonstratives
!colspan=2| Other
|-
| definite singular || {{Lang|mrq|te/t-}} || this || {{Lang|mrq|tenei}} || a certain || {{Lang|mrq|titahi}} 
|-
| indefinite || {{Lang|mrq|e/he}} || that || {{Lang|mrq|tena}} || other || {{Lang|mrq|tahipito}}
|-
| dual/paucal definite || {{Lang|mrq|na}} || that || {{Lang|mrq|tea}}
|-
| anaphoric || {{Lang|mrq|hua}} 
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!Nominal Number Markers<ref name="Margaret Mutu 2002 p. 40"/>
!colspan=2| Number Markers
|-
|dual || {{Lang|mrq|mou}}
|- 
|dual/paucal || {{Lang|mrq|mau}}
|- 
|plural || {{Lang|mrq|tau}}
|}

There are 11 personal pronouns which are distinguished by singular, dual, and plural. As well as that, there are two other personal pronouns which distinguish possession.{{sfn|Cablitz|2006}}{{rp|100}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Pronouns{{sfn|Cablitz|2006}}{{rp|101}}
!colspan=2|
! Singular
! Dual/Paucal
! Plural
! Possession
|-
!rowspan=2| 1st<br />person
! [[Clusivity|exclusive]]
|rowspan=2| {{Lang|mrq|au/-ʻu}}
| {{Lang|mrq|maua}}
| {{Lang|mrq|matou}}
|rowspan=2| {{Lang|mrq|tuʻu}}
|-
! [[Clusivity|inclusive]]
| {{Lang|mrq|taua}}
| {{Lang|mrq|tatou}}
|-
!colspan=2| 2nd person
| {{Lang|mrq|koe}}
| {{Lang|mrq|koʻua}}
| {{Lang|mrq|kotou}}
| {{Lang|mrq|to}}
|-
!colspan=2| 3rd person
| {{Lang|mrq|ia}}
| {{Lang|mrq|ʻaua}}
| {{Lang|mrq|ʻatou}}
|}
Complex sentences use verbal nouns in subordinate clauses.

{{interlinear|number=ex:
|Te hakaiki kei mei Hanaiapa te ono-tina te hakaiki momo mei{{which lang|date=July 2020}}
|DEF chief big from Hanaiapa DEF hear-devb def chief lesser from
|}}

:''Hanaiapa, o Tua-i-kaie, ua noho me te vehine pootu oko''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krupa |first=Viktor |date=2005 |title=Syntax of Verbal Nouns in Marquesan |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=505–516 |doi=10.1353/ol.2005.0038 |jstor=3623350 |s2cid=145204950 }}</ref>

=== Possession ===
Margaret Mutu & Ben Teìkitutoua (2002) present descriptions and examples of possession in Ùa Pou (a north Marquesan dialect). All examples in this section are taken from their work. See notes for more information.

Possession in Marquesan is marked by prepositional particles affixed to the noun phrase which they modify. These prepositional particles relate the phrase as a whole to other parts of the sentence or discourse and therefore can be considered [[Lucien Tesnière#Centrifugal .28head-initial.29 and centripetal .28head-final.29 languages|centrifugal]] particles.<ref name="Margaret Mutu 2002 p. 72">Margaret Mutu & Ben Teìkitutoua (2002), p. 88</ref>  Possession is essentially different from the other types of adposition modification in that it marks a relationship between two noun phrases as opposed to that between the verbal phrase and the noun phrase.

There are four possession markers in Marquesan. They are the prepositions: {{Lang|mrq|a}}, {{Lang|mrq|o}}, {{Lang|mrq|na}} and {{Lang|mrq|no}}. Possessive prepositions {{Lang|mrq|a}} and {{Lang|mrq|o}} translate as 'of' while {{Lang|mrq|na}} and {{Lang|mrq|no}} are [[Inalienable possession#Restricted to attributive possession|attributive]], possessive prepositions which translate either as 'belong to, of' or 'for'.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ùa Pou: Aspects of a Marquesan dialect|last=Mutu & Teìkitutoua|year=2002|pages=94}}</ref>

==== ''a'' and ''o'' possessive prepositions ====
In these examples, the relation of two noun phases with the use of the possessive prepositions {{Lang|mrq|a}} and {{Lang|mrq|o}} can be seen. The preposition is affixed to the possessor noun phrase which in turn dominates the possessed phrase.

{{interlinear| lang = mqm |number = ex:
| Úa tihe mai  te vahana a tenei tau vehine
| PFV arrive hither DEF husband of this PL woman
|"The husband of these women has arrived."}}

{{interlinear| lang = mqm |number = ex:
| Úa tau ma  ùka o te  haè 
| PFV land path top of DEF house
|"(It) landed on top of the house."}}

==== ''na'' and ''no'' attributive, possessive prepositions ====
In these examples, we see the relation of constituents which form a noun phrase. This is an example of attributive, [[Inalienable possession|alienable]] possession.

{{interlinear| lang = mqm |number = ex:
|…ùa ìò i -a Tainaivao è tama '''na''' Pekapeka…
|PFV taken {{gcl|STATAG|stative agent}} PERS Tainaivao INDEF son {of (belong to)} Pekapeka
|'(she) was taken by Tainaivao, a son of Pekapeka.'}}

{{interlinear| lang = mqm |number = ex:
|À too tēnei vaka '''no''' koe
|IMP take this canoe for 2SG
|'Take this canoe for yourself.'}}

==== Dominant vs subordinate possession ====
Marquesan distinguishes between two contrastive types of possession.<ref name="Margaret Mutu 2002 p. 72" /> The first can be described in very broad terms as possession in which the possessor is dominant, active, superior, or in control of the possessed. {{Lang|mrq|A}} and {{Lang|mrq|na}} mark this type of possession:

{{interlinear| lang = mqm |number = ex:
| E ìò koe he mea vehine na ia
| {{gcl|NP|non-past tense}} take 2SG INDEF thing woman of him
|"You will get a wife for him."}}

On the other hand, {{Lang|mrq|o}} and {{Lang|mrq|no}} indicate possession where the possessor is subordinate, passive, inferior to, or lacking in control over the possessed:

{{interlinear| lang = mqm |number = ex:
| Ù kave mai koe i tēnā kahu no ia
| PFV bring hither 2SG DO that dress for her
|"You have brought that dress for her (to wear)."}}

===Locative phrases===
Locative constructions in Marquesan follow this pattern (elements in parentheses are optional):

: Preposition - (Modifier) - lexical head - (Directional) - (Demonstrative) - (Modifier) - Possessive Attribute/Attributive Noun Phrases{{sfn|Cablitz|2006}}{{rp|282}}

{{interlinear| lang = mqm |number = ex:
| Huʻi-ʻia atu t-o  ia keo ʻi tai 
| turn-PASS DIR ART-POSS 3SG bottom LD sea
|"Its bottom is turned seawards."{{sfn|Cablitz|2006}}{{rp|284}}
}}

This locative syntactic pattern is common among Polynesian languages.{{sfn|Cablitz|2006}}{{rp|282}}