Editing Marrakesh (section)

==Geography==
[[File:Pavillon Menaragärten.jpg|thumb|In winter, the [[Atlas Mountains]] are typically covered in snow and ice.]]
The city is located in the [[Tensift River]] valley,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tanouti|first1=Oumaima|last2=Molle|first2=François|date=2013|title=The Reappropriation of Water in Overexploited Basins: The Case of the Tensift Basin (Morocco)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283795410|journal=Études rurales|volume=192|issue=2|pages=79–96|doi=10.4000/etudesrurales.9902|via=|doi-access=free|access-date=2021-01-27|archive-date=2021-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107093420/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283795410_The_reappropriation_of_water_in_overexploited_basins_The_Case_of_the_Tensift_Basin_Morocco|url-status=live}}</ref> with the Tensift River passing along the northern edge of the city. The [[Ourika River]] valley is about {{convert|30|km}} south of Marrakesh.{{sfn|Searight|1999|p=407}} The city has expanded north from the old centre with suburbs such as Daoudiat, Diour El Massakine, Sidi Abbad, Sakar and Amerchich, to the southeast with Sidi Youssef Ben Ali, to the west with Massira and Targa, and southwest to M'hamid beyond the airport.<ref name="GM">{{cite map|title=Maps|publisher=[[Google Maps]]}}</ref> On the P2017 road leading south out of the city are large villages such as [[Douar Lahna]], [[Touggana]], [[Lagouassem]], and [[Lahebichate]], leading eventually through desert to the town of [[Tahnaout]] at the edge of the [[High Atlas]], the highest mountainous barrier in North Africa.<ref name="GM"/> The average elevation of the snow-covered High Atlas lies above {{convert|3000|m}}. It is mainly composed of [[Jurassic]] [[limestone]]. The mountain range runs along the Atlantic coast, then rises to the east of Agadir and extends northeast into Algeria before disappearing into [[Tunisia]].{{Sfn|Clark|2012|pp=11–13}}

[[File:Ourika.jpg|thumb|The [[Ourika River]] valley]]
=== Climate ===
Marrakesh features a [[hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSh'') with long, hot dry summers and brief, mild to cool winters. Average temperatures range from {{Convert|12|C|F}} in the winter to {{Convert|26|-|30|C|F}} in the summer.<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG__I/FM/60230.TXT
| title = Marrakech (Marrakesh) Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = January 26, 2016
| archive-date = June 8, 2020
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200608012601/http://ftp//ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/FM/60230.TXT/
| url-status = live
}}</ref> The relatively wet winter and dry summer precipitation pattern of Marrakesh mirrors precipitation patterns found in [[Mediterranean Climate|Mediterranean climates]]. However, the city receives less rain than is typically found in a Mediterranean climate, resulting in a semi-arid climate classification.

Between 1961 and 1990 the city averaged {{convert|281.3|mm|in|1}} of precipitation annually.<ref name="NOAA"/> Barrows says of the climate, "The region of Marrakesh is frequently described as desert in character, but, to one familiar with the [[Southwestern United States|southwestern parts of the United States]], the locality does not suggest the desert, rather an area of seasonal rainfall, where moisture moves underground rather than by surface streams, and where low brush takes the place of the forests of more heavily watered regions. The location of Marrakesh on the north side of the [[Atlas Mountains|Atlas]], rather than the south, prevents it from being described as a desert city, and it remains the northern focus of the Saharan lines of communication, and its history, its types of dwellers, and its commerce and arts, are all related to the great south Atlas spaces that reach further into the [[Sahara desert]]."{{sfn|Barrows|2004|p=74}}

{{Weather box|location = Marrakesh, Morocco ([[Menara International Airport]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1900–present
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 30.1
|Feb record high C = 34.3
|Mar record high C = 37.0
|Apr record high C = 41.3
|May record high C = 44.4
|Jun record high C = 46.9
|Jul record high C = 49.6
|Aug record high C = 48.6
|Sep record high C = 44.8
|Oct record high C = 39.8
|Nov record high C = 35.2
|Dec record high C = 30.9
|year record high C = 49.6
|Jan high C = 19.1
|Feb high C = 20.7
|Mar high C = 23.6
|Apr high C = 25.7
|May high C = 29.4
|Jun high C = 33.6
|Jul high C = 37.7
|Aug high C = 37.4
|Sep high C = 32.5
|Oct high C = 28.5
|Nov high C = 23.1
|Dec high C = 20.1
|year high C = 27.6
|Jan mean C = 12.5
|Feb mean C = 14.2
|Mar mean C = 17.0
|Apr mean C = 19.0
|May mean C = 22.3
|Jun mean C = 25.8
|Jul mean C = 29.2
|Aug mean C = 29.3
|Sep mean C = 25.6
|Oct mean C = 22.1
|Nov mean C = 16.9
|Dec mean C = 13.7
|year mean C = 20.6
|Jan low C = 5.9
|Feb low C = 7.6
|Mar low C = 10.3
|Apr low C = 12.4
|May low C = 15.2
|Jun low C = 17.9
|Jul low C = 20.6
|Aug low C = 21.1
|Sep low C = 18.6
|Oct low C = 15.7
|Nov low C = 10.7
|Dec low C = 7.3
|year low C = 13.6
|Jan record low C = -3.6
|Feb record low C = -3.0
|Mar record low C = 0.4
|Apr record low C = 2.8
|May record low C = 6.8
|Jun record low C = 9.0
|Jul record low C = 10.4
|Aug record low C = 6.0
|Sep record low C = 10.0
|Oct record low C = 1.1
|Nov record low C = 0.0
|Dec record low C = -1.6
|year record low C = -3.6
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 25.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 25.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 35.2
|Apr precipitation mm = 26.3
|May precipitation mm = 10.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 3.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 2.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 4.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 15.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 19.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 29.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 24.2
|year precipitation mm = 221.0
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 3.0
|Feb precipitation days = 3.7
|Mar precipitation days = 4.7
|Apr precipitation days = 2.9
|May precipitation days = 1.5
|Jun precipitation days = 0.6
|Jul precipitation days = 0.3
|Aug precipitation days = 0.8
|Sep precipitation days = 1.3
|Oct precipitation days = 2.4
|Nov precipitation days = 3.8
|Dec precipitation days = 4.1
|year precipitation days = 29.1
|Jan humidity = 65
|Feb humidity = 66
|Mar humidity = 61
|Apr humidity = 60
|May humidity = 58
|Jun humidity = 55
|Jul humidity = 47
|Aug humidity = 47
|Sep humidity = 52
|Oct humidity = 59
|Nov humidity = 62
|Dec humidity = 65
|year humidity = 58
|Jan sun = 230.1
|Feb sun = 216.5
|Mar sun = 252.8
|Apr sun = 270.2
|May sun = 303.1
|Jun sun = 359.7
|Jul sun = 330.4
|Aug sun = 315.1
|Sep sun = 266.8
|Oct sun = 251.5
|Nov sun = 228.9
|Dec sun = 226.6
|year sun = 
|source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] (sun 1981–2010)<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231005032237/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Morocco/CSV/MARRAKECH_60230.csv
| archive-date = 5 October 2023 
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Morocco/CSV/MARRAKECH_60230.csv
| title = Marrakech Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 5 October 2023}}</ref><ref name=WMOCLINOOld>{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-I/Morocco/WMO_Normals_ASCII_60230.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 10 November 2021
| archive-date = 11 November 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211111003524/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-I/Morocco/WMO_Normals_ASCII_60230.csv
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (record highs for February, April, May, September and November, and humidity),<ref name = DWD>{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_602300_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Marrakech / Marokko
| work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| language = de
| access-date = January 26, 2016
| archive-date = March 27, 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190327132654/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_602300_kt.pdf
| url-status = live
}}</ref>  Meteo Climat (record highs and record lows for June, July and August only)<ref name = meteoclimat>{{cite web
| url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1557
| title = Station Menara
| publisher = Météo Climat
| language = fr
| access-date = October 14, 2016
| archive-date = November 17, 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181117124910/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1557
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
}}

{|style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|-
!Colspan=14|Climate data for Marrakesh
|-
!Month
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!style="border-left-width:medium"|Year
|-
!Mean daily daylight hours
|style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;"|10.0
|style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;"|11.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;"|13.0
|style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;"|14.0
|style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;"|14.0
|style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;"|14.0
|style="background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;"|13.0
|style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;"|12.0
|style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;"|11.0
|style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;"|11.0
|style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;"|10.0
|style="background:#FFFF34;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|12.1
|-
!Average [[Ultraviolet index]]
|style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;"|3
|style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;"|5
|style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;"|7
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|8
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|10
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|11
|style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|11
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|10
|style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;"|9
|style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;"|6
|style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;"|4
|style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;"|3
|style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|7.3
|-
!Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"|Source: Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/morocco/marrakesh-climate |title=Marrakesh, Morocco - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=8 February 2019 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209123948/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/morocco/marrakesh-climate |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==== Climate change ====
A 2019 paper published in ''[[PLOS One]]'' estimated that under [[Representative Concentration Pathway|Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5]], a "moderate" scenario of [[climate change]] where global warming reaches ~{{convert|2.5-3|C-change|F-change}} by 2100, the climate of Marrakesh in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of [[Bir Lehlou]] in [[Western Sahara]]. The annual temperature would increase by {{convert|2.9|C-change|F-change}}, and the temperature of the coldest month by {{convert|1.6|C-change|F-change}}, while the temperature of the warmest month would increase by {{convert|7|C-change|F-change}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bastin |first1=Jean-Francois |last2=Clark |first2=Emily |last3=Elliott |first3=Thomas |last4=Hart |first4=Simon |last5=van den Hoogen |first5=Johan |last6=Hordijk |first6=Iris |last7=Ma |first7=Haozhi |last8=Majumder |first8=Sabiha |last9=Manoli |first9=Gabriele |last10=Maschler |first10=Julia |last11=Mo |first11=Lidong |last12=Routh |first12=Devin |last13=Yu |first13=Kailiang |last14=Zohner |first14=Constantin M. |last15=Thomas W. |first15=Crowther |title=Understanding climate change from a global analysis of city analogues |journal=PLOS ONE |date=10 July 2019 |volume=14 |issue=7 |at=S2 Table. Summary statistics of the global analysis of city analogues. |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0217592 |pmid=31291249 |pmc=6619606 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1417592B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://crowtherlab.pageflow.io/cities-of-the-future-visualizing-climate-change-to-inspire-action |title=Cities of the future: visualizing climate change to inspire action |at=Current vs. future cities |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-date=8 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108082440/https://crowtherlab.pageflow.io/cities-of-the-future-visualizing-climate-change-to-inspire-action |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to [[Climate Action Tracker]], the current warming trajectory appears consistent with {{convert|2.7|C-change|F-change}}, which closely matches RCP 4.5.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-thermometer/ |title=The CAT Thermometer |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-date=14 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414131223/https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-thermometer/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Water ===
Marrakesh's water supply relies partly on groundwater resources, which have lowered gradually over the last 40 years, attaining an acute decline in the early 2000s. Since 2002, groundwater levels have dropped by an average of 0.9 m per year in 80% of Marrakesh and its surrounding area. The most affected area experienced a drop of 37 m (more than 2 m per year).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Analy |first1=Mohammed |last2=Laftouhi |first2=Nour-Eddine |date=January 2021 |title=Groundwater Depletion in an Urban Environment under Semiarid Climate and Persistent Drought–City of Marrakesh (Morocco) |journal=Water |language=en |volume=13 |issue=22 |pages=3253 |doi=10.3390/w13223253 |issn=2073-4441|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Water..13.3253A }}</ref>