Editing Mawlid (section)

== History ==
The history of this celebration goes back to the early days of Islam when some of the [[Tabi‘un]] began to hold sessions in which poetry and songs composed to honour Muhammad were recited and sung to crowds in the major cities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islamic Supreme Council of America – Islamic Supreme Council of America |url=http://www.islamicsupremecouncil.org/understanding-islam/spirituality/1--mawlid-an-nabi-celebration-of-prophet-muhammads-s-birthday.html}}</ref> The [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]] declared it an official holiday in 1588,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shoup |first=John A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dm7Ups_zsbcC |title=Culture and Customs of Jordan |date=2007-01-01 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313336713 |page=35 |language=en}}</ref> known as [[Kandil|''Mevlid Kandil'']].<ref>Manuel Franzmann, Christel Gärtner, Nicole Köck ''Religiosität in der säkularisierten Welt: Theoretische und empirische Beiträge zur Säkularisierungsdebatte in der Religionssoziologie'' Springer-Verlag 2009 {{ISBN|978-3-531-90213-5}} page 351</ref> The term ''Mawlid'' is also used in some parts of the world, such as [[Egypt]], as a generic term for the birthday celebrations of other historical religious figures such as [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[saint]]s.<ref name="BBC" />[[File:Mawlid an-Nabi SallAllaho Alaihi wa Sallam procession at Boulac Avenue in 1904 at Cairo, Egypt.jpg|thumb|Mawlid an-Nabi procession at Boulac Avenue in 1904 at [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]].]]
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM In een optocht te Yogyakarta wordt een gunungan (ceremoniële rijstberg) gedragen ter gelegenheid van de 'Garebeg TMnr 10003399.jpg|thumb|The ''Garebeg'' festival celebrating Mawlid in Yogyakarta, [[Java Island]], [[Indonesia]].]]
In the early days of Islam, observation of [[Muhammad]]'s birth as a holy day was usually arranged privately, and later was an increased number of visitors to the Mawlid house that was open for the whole day specifically for this celebration.<ref name="Mawlid a., or Mawlud">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Islam]] |title=Mawlid (a.), or Mawlud |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/mawlid-a-or-mawlud-COM_0716 |author1=Fuchs, H. |author2=Knappert J. |editor=P. Bearman |editor2=T. Bianquis |editor3=C. E. Bosworth |publisher=Brill |year=2007 |issn=1573-3912}}</ref> The history of this celebration goes back to the early days of Islam when some of the [[Tabi‘un]] began to hold sessions in which poetry and songs composed to honour Muhammad were recited and sung to the crowds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mawlid an-Nabi: Celebrating Prophet Muhammad's (s) Birthday |url=http://www.islamicsupremecouncil.org/understanding-islam/spirituality/1--mawlid-an-nabi-celebration-of-prophet-muhammads-s-birthday.html |access-date=5 November 2018 |website=The Islamic Supreme Council of America |language=en-gb}}</ref>

The early celebrations included elements of Sufi influence, with animal sacrifices and torchlight processions along with public sermons and a feast.<ref name="Schussman">{{cite journal |last=Schussman |first=Aviva |year=1998 |title=The Legitimacy and Nature of Mawid al-Nabī: (analysis of a Fatwā) |journal=Islamic Law and Society |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=214–234 |doi=10.1163/1568519982599535}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | title=Mawlid |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc |year=2007 |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9051530/mawlid}}</ref> The celebrations occurred during the day, in contrast to modern day observances, with the ruler playing a key role in the ceremonies.{{sfn|Kaptein|1993|p=30}} Emphasis was given to the ''[[Ahl al-Bayt]]'' with presentation of sermons and recitations of the Qur'an.<ref>{{Citation|last=Zulkifli|title=The Madhhab|date=2013|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hgz34.11|work=The Struggle of the Shi‘is in Indonesia|pages=79–112|publisher=ANU Press|jstor=j.ctt5hgz34.11|isbn=978-1-925021-29-5|access-date=2020-10-28}}</ref>

The exact origins of the Mawlid are difficult to trace.<ref name="abc">{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2AtvBAAAQBAJ|title=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2014|pages=365–368|isbn=9781610691789}}</ref> According to ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'', the significance of the event was established when Muhammad fasted on Monday, citing the reason for this was his birth on that day, and when [[Umar]] took into consideration Muhammad's birth as a possible starting time for the Islamic calendar.<ref name="abc" /> According to ''Festivals in World Religions'', the Mawlid was first introduced by the [[Abbasids]] in [[Baghdad]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d195AAAAMAAJ&q=mawlid+festival+abbasids|title=Festivals in World Religions|publisher=Longman|pages=230, 286|year=1986|isbn=9780582361966}}</ref> It has been suggested that the Mawlid was first formalized by [[al-Khayzuran]] of the [[Abbasids]].<ref name="abc"/> [[Ibn Jubayr]], in 1183, writes that Muhammad's day of birth was celebrated every Monday of [[Rabi' al-Awwal]] at his birthplace, which had been converted into a place of devotion under the Abbasids.<ref name="abc"/><ref name="princeton">{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC&pg=PA335|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought|page=335|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0691134840}}</ref>

According to the hypothesis of Nico Kaptein of [[Leiden University]], the Mawlid was initiated by the [[Fatimids]].{{sfn|Katz|2007|p=2|ps=:On the basis of this data, Kaptein hypothesizes that the celebration of the mawlid was initiated by the Fatimid dynasty and spread to Syria and the Jazira by the time of its fall.}} It has been stated, "The idea that the celebration of the ''mawlid'' originated with the Fatimid dynasty has today been almost universally accepted among both religious polemicists and secular scholars."{{sfn|Katz|2007|p=3}} Annemarie Schimmel also says that the tendency to celebrate the memory of Muhammad's day of birth on a larger and more festive scale emerged first in Egypt during the Fatimids. The Egyptian historian Maqrizi (d. 1442) describes one such celebration held in 1122 as an occasion in which mainly scholars and religious establishments participated. They listened to sermons, distributed sweets, particularly honey, Muhammad's favourite and the poor received alms.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schimmel|first=Annemarie|title=And Muhammad is His Messenger: The Veneration of the Prophet in Islamic Piety|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|year=1985|isbn=978-0-8078-4128-0|location=London|pages=145}}</ref> This Shia origin is frequently noted by those Sunnis who oppose Mawlid.{{sfn|Katz|2007|p=113}} According to ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', however, what the Fatimids did was simply a procession of court officials, which did not involve the public but was restricted to the court of the Fatimid caliph.<ref name="britannica">{{citation|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mawlid|title=Mawlid|date=29 September 2023 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Therefore, it has been concluded that the first Mawlid celebration which was a public festival was started by [[Sunnis]] in 1207 by [[Gökböri|Muẓaffar al-Dīn Gökburi]].<ref name="britannica"/>{{sfn|Katz|2007|p=50}}{{sfn|Katz|2007|p=67}}<ref>{{cite book |author=İbrahim Kafesoğlu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B5VtAAAAMAAJ |title=A Short History of Turkish-Islamic States (excluding the Ottoman State) |year=1994 |publisher=Turkish Historical Society Printing House |isbn=9789751605719 |editor1=Erdoğan Merçil |page=184 |translator=Ahmet Edip Uysal |editor2=Hidayet Yavuz Nuhoğlu |display-editors=etal|author-link=İbrahim Kafesoğlu}}</ref>

It has been suggested that the celebration was introduced into the city [[Ceuta]] by [[Abu al-Abbas al-Azafi]] as a way of strengthening the Muslim community and to counteract Christian festivals.{{sfnp|Kaptein|1991|loc=Mawlid, 3. In the Mag̲h̲rib.}}<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=mawlid {{!}} Meaning, Importance, Celebration, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mawlid|access-date=2020-10-28|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

===Start of a public holiday===
In 1207, the Turkic general [[Gökböri]] started the first annual public festival of the Mawlid in [[Erbil]].<ref name="abc"/> Gökböri was the brother-in-law of [[Saladin]] and soon the festival began to spread across the Muslim world.<ref name="britannica"/> Since Saladin and Gokburi were both [[Sufis]] the festival became increasingly popular among Sufi devotees which remains so till this day.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-10-28|title=Eid-e-Milad-Un-Nabi 2020: Date, history and importance|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/eid-e-milad-un-nabi-2020-date-history-and-importance-6906601/|access-date=2020-10-28|work=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]] declared it an official holiday in 1588,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shoup |first=John A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dm7Ups_zsbcC |title=Culture and Customs of Jordan |date=1 January 2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313336713 |page=35 |language=en}}</ref> known as [[Kandil|''Mevlid Kandil'']].<ref>Manuel Franzmann, Christel Gärtner, Nicole Köck ''Religiosität in der säkularisierten Welt: Theoretische und empirische Beiträge zur Säkularisierungsdebatte in der Religionssoziologie'' Springer-Verlag 2009 {{ISBN|978-3-531-90213-5}} page 351</ref> It is a national holiday in most parts of the Muslim world except [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Qatar]] which are officially Salafi.<ref>{{cite book |last1=March |first1=Luke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIjFBQAAQBAJ&dq=mawlid+wahhabi&pg=PA147 |title=Russia and Islam |date=24 June 2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136988998 |page=147 |accessdate=10 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Merkel |first=Udo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P0ATBwAAQBAJ |title=Identity Discourses and Communities in International Events, Festivals and Spectacles |date=2015-02-11 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=9781137394934 |page=203 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Woodward |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kHb-640Gfa4C&q=mawlid%2520public%2520holiday&pg=PA169 |title=Java, Indonesia and Islam |date=2010-10-28 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9789400700567 |page=169 |language=en}}</ref> 

{| class="wikitable"
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!Reference
|-
|{{flag|Afghanistan}}
|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/afghanistan/2022 | title=National Holidays in Afghanistan in 2022 | date=15 February 2022 }}</ref>
|-
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|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://regional.gov.au/territories/indian_ocean/iot_bulletins/2017/A31-2017-Cocos-Keeling-Island-Public-Holidays-2018.aspx|title=Cocos (Keeling) Islands Public Holidays 2018|website=regional.gov.au}}</ref>
|-
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|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/bahrain/2022 | title=National Holidays in Bahrain in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
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|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/bangladesh/2022 | title=National Holidays in Bangladesh in 2022 | date=21 February 2022 }}</ref>
|-
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|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/brunei/2022 | title=National Holidays in Brunei in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
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|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/chad/2022 | title=National Holidays in Chad in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
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|-
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|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/djibouti/2022 | title=National Holidays in Djibouti in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
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|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/egypt/2022 | title=National Holidays in Egypt in 2022 | date=6 January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
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|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/ethiopia/2022 | title=National Holidays in Ethiopia in 2022 | date=7 January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
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|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/gambia/2022 | title=National Holidays in Gambia in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
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|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/guinea/2022 | title=National Holidays in Guinea in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
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|{{flag|India}}
|Regional <small>({{flagicon image|TamilNadu Logo.svg}} [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Telangana]])</small>
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/india/2022 | title=Public Holidays in India in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
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|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/indonesia/2022 | title=National Holidays in Indonesia in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Iran}}
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|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/iran/2022 | title=National Holidays in Iran in 2022 | date=6 January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Iraq}}
|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/iraq/2022 | title=National Holidays in Iraq in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Israel}}
|Optional (recognized for Muslims)
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/%D7%97%D7%92_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93_(%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%90-%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%99)#:~:text=%D7%97%D7%92%20%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%AA%20%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%99%D7%90%20(%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%20%D7%90,%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%20%D7%94%D7%97%D7%92%20%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%20%D7%A9%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%9D%20%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A2. | title=חג הולדת הנביא מוחמד (מוולד א-נבי) | date=September 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Ivory Coast}}
|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/ivory-coast/2022 | title=National Holidays in Ivory Coast in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Jordan}}
|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/jordan/2022 | title=National Holidays in Jordan in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Kuwait}}
|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/kuwait/2022 | title=National Holidays in Kuwait in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Lebanon}}
|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/lebanon/2022 | title=National Holidays in Lebanon in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Libya}}
|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/libya/2022 | title=National Holidays in Libya in 2022 | date=17 February 2022 }}</ref>
|-
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|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/malaysia/2022 | title=National Holidays in Malaysia in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Maldives}}
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|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/maldives/2022 | title=National Holidays in Maldives in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
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|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/mali/2022 | title=National Holidays in Mali in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
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|{{flag|Mauritania}}
|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/mauritania/2022 | title=National Holidays in Mauritania in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Morocco}}
|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/morocco/2022 | title=National Holidays in Morocco in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Niger}}
|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/niger/2022 | title=National Holidays in Niger in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Nigeria}}
|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/nigeria/2022 | title=National Holidays in Nigeria in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Oman}}
|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/oman/2022 | title=National Holidays in Oman in 2022 | date=March 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/pakistan/2022 | title=National Holidays in Pakistan in 2022 | date=3 January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Palestine}}
|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/palestine/2022 | title=Public Holidays in Palestine in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Senegal}}
|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/senegal/2022 | title=National Holidays in Senegal in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Sierra Leone}}
|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/sierra-leone/2022 | title=National Holidays in Sierra Leone in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Somalia}}
|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/somalia/2022 | title=National Holidays in Somalia in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Sudan}}
|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/sudan/2022 | title=National Holidays in Sudan in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Syria}}
|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/syria/2022 | title=Public Holidays in Syria in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Tanzania}}
|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/tanzania/2022 | title=National Holidays in Tanzania in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Tunisia}}
|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/tunisia/2022 | title=National Holidays in Tunisia in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|UAE}}
|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/uae/2022 | title=National Holidays in United Arab Emirates in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Yemen}}
|National
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/yemen/2022 | title=National Holidays in Yemen in 2022 | date=January 2022 }}</ref>
|}