Editing Microalgae (section)

==Cultivation of microalgae==
{{Main article|Culture of microalgae in hatcheries}}
Microalgae cultivation can take place in closed systems and open ponds. Open ponds are often seen as a more economically sound choice for production in a commerical setting. '''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bora |first1=Abhispa |last2=Thondi Rajan |first2=Angelin Swetha |last3=Ponnuchamy |first3=Kumar |last4=Muthusamy |first4=Govarthanan |last5=Alagarsamy |first5=Arun |date=2024-10-10 |title=Microalgae to bioenergy production: Recent advances, influencing parameters, utilization of wastewater – A critical review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004896972404378X |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=946 |pages=174230 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174230 |bibcode=2024ScTEn.94674230B |issn=0048-9697|url-access=subscription }}</ref>'''A range of microalgae species are produced in hatcheries and are used in a variety of ways for commercial purposes, including for [[human nutrition]],<ref>{{cite web | last=Leckie | first=Evelyn | title=Adelaide scientists turn marine microalgae into 'superfoods' to substitute animal proteins | website=ABC News |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date=14 Jan 2021 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-14/marine-microalgae-could-be-the-solution-to-protein-shortage/13054084 | access-date=17 Jan 2021}}</ref> as [[biofuel]],<ref>{{cite journal |first=Yusuf |last=Chisti |year=2008 |title=Biodiesel from microalgae beats bioethanol |journal=[[Trends in Biotechnology]] |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=126–131 |pmid=18221809 |doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.12.002 |url=http://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/Trends08.pdf }}</ref> in the [[aquaculture]] of other organisms,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Arnaud Muller-Feuga |year=2000 |title=The role of microalgae in aquaculture: situation and trends |journal=Journal of Applied Phycology |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=527–534 |doi=10.1023/A:1008106304417 |bibcode=2000JAPco..12..527M |s2cid=8495961 |url=http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2000/publication-497.pdf }}</ref> in the manufacture of [[pharmaceutical]]s and [[cosmetics]],<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Isuru Wijesekara |author2=Ratih Pangestuti |author3=Se-Kwon Kim |year=2010 |title=Biological activities and potential health benefits of sulfated polysaccharides derived from marine algae |journal=Carbohydrate Polymers |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=14–21 |doi=10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.10.062}}</ref> and as [[biofertiliser]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Upasana Mishra |author2=Sunil Pabbi |year=2004 |title=Cyanobacteria: a potential biofertilizer for rice |journal=Resonance |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=6–10 |doi=10.1007/BF02839213 |s2cid=121561783 |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/June2004/pdf/June2004p6-10.pdf }}</ref> However, the low cell density is a major bottleneck in commercial viability of many microalgae derived products, especially low cost commodities.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Yuvraj |author2=Ambarish Sharan Vidyarthi |author3=Jeeoot Singh |year=2016 |title=Enhancement of Chlorella vulgaris cell density: Shake flask and bench-top photobioreactor studies to identify and control limiting factors |journal=Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=2396–2405 |doi=10.1007/s11814-016-0087-5 |s2cid=99110136 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-016-0087-5 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Studies have investigated the main factors in the success of a microalgae hatchery system to be:<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Yuvraj |author2=Padmini Padmanabhan |year=2017 |title=Technical insight on the requirements for {{CO2}}-saturated growth of microalgae in photobioreactors |journal=3 Biotech |volume=07 |issue=2 |page=119 |doi=10.1007/s13205-017-0778-6 |pmid=28567633 |pmc=5451369 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-017-0778-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Yuvraj |author2=Ambarish Sharan Vidyarthi |author3=Jeeoot Singh |year=2016 |title=Enhancement of Chlorella vulgaris cell density: Shake flask and bench-top photobioreactor studies to identify and control limiting factors |journal=Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=2396–2405 |doi=10.1007/s11814-016-0087-5 |s2cid=99110136 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-016-0087-5 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*Geometry and scale of cultivation systems (referred as [[photobioreactors]]); 
*Light intensity;  
*Concentration of carbon dioxide ({{CO2}}) in the gas phase
*Nutrient levels (mainly N, P, K)
*Mixing of culture