Editing Microbotics (section)

==Design considerations==
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2014}}
{{Anchor|motility2016-01-29}}The way microrobots move around is a function of their purpose and necessary size.  At submicron sizes, the physical world demands rather bizarre ways of getting around.  The [[Reynolds number]] for airborne robots is less than unity; the  [[Viscosity|viscous forces]] dominate the  [[Inertia|inertial forces]], so “flying” could use the viscosity of air, rather than [[Bernoulli's principle]] of lift.  Robots moving through fluids may require rotating  [[Flagellum|flagella]] like the motile form of  [[Escherichia coli|E. coli]].  Hopping is stealthy and energy-efficient; it allows the robot to negotiate the surfaces of a variety of terrains.<ref>{{cite book|last=Solem |first=J. C.|year=1994|chapter=The motility of microrobots|title=Artificial Life III: Proceedings of the Workshop on Artificial Life, June 1992, Santa Fe, NM |series=Proceedings, Santa Fe Institute studies in the sciences of complexity|editor=Langton, C. |publisher=Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA)|volume=17|pages=359–380|url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/2837765}}</ref> Pioneering calculations (Solem 1994) examined possible behaviors based on physical realities.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kristensen |first=Lars Kroll |year=2000|chapter=Aintz: A study of emergent properties in a model of ant foraging|title=Artificial Life VII: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Artificial Life |editor1=Bedau, M. A. |display-editors=et al |publisher=MIT Press|pages=359|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xLGm7KFGy4C&q=The+%22motility+of+microrobots%22&pg=PA359|isbn=9780262522908 }}</ref>

One of the major challenges in developing a microrobot is to achieve motion using a very limited [[power supply]]. The microrobots can use a small lightweight [[battery (electricity)|battery]] source like a coin cell or can scavenge power from the surrounding environment in the form of [[vibration]] or light energy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://inhabitat.com/swarms-of-solar-powered-microbots-may-revolutionize-data-gathering/|title=Swarms of Solar Microbots May Revolutionize Data Gathering |website=Inhabitat |first=Bridgette |last=Meinhold |date=31 August 2009}}</ref> Microrobots are also now using biological motors as power sources, such as flagellated ''[[Serratia marcescens]]'', to draw chemical power from the surrounding fluid to actuate the robotic device. These [[biorobot]]s can be directly controlled by stimuli such as [[chemotaxis]] or [[galvanotaxis]] with several control schemes available. A popular alternative to an onboard battery is to power the robots using externally induced power. Examples include the use of electromagnetic fields,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.phys.org/news/2019-01-smart-micro-robots.html |title=Researchers develop smart micro-robots that can adapt to their surroundings |website=Phys.org |date=January 18, 2019 |author=Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne}}</ref> ultrasound and light to activate and control micro robots.<ref name="ChangPaunov2007">{{cite journal|last1=Chang|first1=Suk Tai|last2=Paunov|first2=Vesselin N.|last3=Petsev|first3=Dimiter N.|last4=Velev|first4=Orlin D.|title=Remotely powered self-propelling particles and micropumps based on miniature diodes|journal=Nature Materials|volume=6|issue=3|date=March 2007|pages=235–240|issn=1476-1122|doi=10.1038/nmat1843|pmid=17293850|bibcode=2007NatMa...6..235C|s2cid=20558069 }}</ref>

The 2022 study focused on a photo-biocatalytic approach for the "design of light-driven microrobots with applications in microbiology and biomedicine".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Villa |first1=Katherine |last2=Sopha |first2=Hanna |last3=Zelenka |first3=Jaroslav |last4=Motola |first4=Martin |last5=Dekanovsky |first5=Lukas |last6=Beketova |first6=Darya Chylii |last7=Macak |first7=Jan M. |last8=Ruml |first8=Tomáš |last9=Pumera |first9=Martin |date=2022-02-05 |title=Enzyme-Photocatalyst Tandem Microrobot Powered by Urea for Escherichia coli Biofilm Eradication |journal=Small |volume=18 |issue=36 |language=en |pages=2106612 |doi=10.1002/smll.202106612 |pmid=35122470 |issn=1613-6810|doi-access=free |hdl=10195/81003 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Nicholas |title=Revolutionizing Robotics and AGVs with Advanced Drive Control |url=https://ds200sdccg4a.com/blog |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=ds200sdccg4a.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Chemistry |first1=University of |last2=Prague |first2=Technology |title=New research into a microrobot powered by urea for E. coli biofilm eradication |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-07-microrobot-powered-urea-coli-biofilm.html |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=phys.org |language=en}}</ref>