Editing Mine reclamation (section)

===Holistic approach===
When the top successional species for the local environment is not forest due to local [[microclimate]] conditions, reclamation may be better accomplished by establishing [[rangeland]] instead. [[Holistic management]] has been championed by Dan Dagget and others for mine reclamation in these types of situations.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dagget|first1=Dan|title=Restorative Grazing|work=YES! Magazine |url=http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/sustaining-watersheds-of-the-pacific-northwest/906|publisher=Yes|access-date=16 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Dagget|first=Dan|title=Convincing Evidence|url=http://www.maninnature.com/Bovines/Cattle/Cattle1a.html|publisher=Man in Nature|access-date=5 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010306044501/http://www.maninnature.com/Bovines/Cattle/Cattle1a.html|archive-date=6 March 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bush|first=Cole|title=Holistic Managed Grazing at Soda Lake|url=http://www.graniterock.com/blogs/holistic-managed-grazing-at-soda-lake|publisher=Graniterock|access-date=5 April 2013}}</ref> When the best available material is not topsoil, topsoil can be made on site by using early successional species of native hardy perennial grasses and other plants, combined with [[livestock]] substituting for the [[species]] of wildlife needed to complete the biosystem. In particular soil development and [[soil biota]] play a substantial role in post mining development.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soil Biota and Ecosystem Development in Post Mining Sites|url=https://www.routledge.com/Soil-Biota-and-Ecosystem-Development-in-Post-Mining-Sites/Frouz/p/book/9781466599314|access-date=2021-07-12|website=Routledge & CRC Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2008-01-01|title=Interactions between soil development, vegetation and soil fauna during spontaneous succession in post mining sites|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1164556307001355|journal=European Journal of Soil Biology|language=en|volume=44|issue=1|pages=109–121|doi=10.1016/j.ejsobi.2007.09.002|issn=1164-5563|last1=Frouz |first1=Jan |last2=Prach |first2=Karel |last3=Pižl |first3=Václav |last4=Háněl |first4=Ladislav |last5=Starý |first5=Josef |last6=Tajovský |first6=Karel |last7=Materna |first7=Jan |last8=Balík |first8=Vladimír |last9=Kalčík |first9=Jiří |last10=Řehounková |first10=Klára |bibcode=2008EJSB...44..109F |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2013-12-01|title=Is the effect of trees on soil properties mediated by soil fauna? A case study from post-mining sites|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112713001072|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|language=en|volume=309|pages=87–95|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2013.02.013|issn=0378-1127|last1=Frouz |first1=Jan |last2=Livečková |first2=Miluše |last3=Albrechtová |first3=Jana |last4=Chroňáková |first4=Alica |last5=Cajthaml |first5=Tomáš |last6=Pižl |first6=Václav |last7=Háněl |first7=Ladislav |last8=Starý |first8=Josef |last9=Baldrian |first9=Petr |last10=Lhotáková |first10=Zuzana |last11=Šimáčková |first11=Hana |last12=Cepáková |first12=Šárka |bibcode=2013ForEM.309...87F |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Although soil restoration in post mining land brings many challenges, it also bring opportunities. For example it is noteworthy that the rate of [[soil carbon]] storage on post mining soil can be very high and may exceed the rate of carbon storage one may gain, e.g., by reforestation of arable land.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-01-01|title=Soil Organic Matter Accumulation in Postmining Sites: Potential Drivers and Mechanisms|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128121283000082|journal=Soil Management and Climate Change|language=en|pages=103–120|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-812128-3.00008-2|last1=Frouz |first1=Jan |last2=Vindušková |first2=Olga |isbn=9780128121283 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vindušková|first1=Olga|last2=Frouz|first2=Jan|date=2013-07-01|title=Soil carbon accumulation after open-cast coal and oil shale mining in Northern Hemisphere: a quantitative review|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-2004-5|journal=Environmental Earth Sciences|language=en|volume=69|issue=5|pages=1685–1698|doi=10.1007/s12665-012-2004-5|bibcode=2013EES....69.1685V |s2cid=129185046 |issn=1866-6299|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

# Grade the best available material to the required topography, establishing [[Keyline design|keylines]].
# Sow the native species of early successional species of plants and grasses.
# Cover the area with a loose layer of hay mulch to provide the initial "jump start" of forage required for the livestock.
# Using keylines as a guide, establish paddocks and implement holistic planned grazing techniques to heal the land.
# If the goal is to establish a wildlife area or natural park, as the [[keystone species]] begin returning (a process called [[ecological succession]]) or are introduced in large enough numbers, livestock can be reduced or eliminated.

Alternatively, an integrated approach can be taken that uses the holistic approach to accomplish the first three steps of the forestry reclamation approach. Once those first three steps are accomplished and well-established, the livestock grazing can be reduced or eliminated to allow medium and higher successional species to take root and continue the forestry approach.