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Motion perception
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==Second-order motion perception== ''Second-order'' motion is when the moving contour is defined by [[contrast (vision)|contrast]], [[wikt:texture|texture]], flicker or some other quality that does not result in an increase in luminance or motion energy in the [[Fourier transform|Fourier spectrum]] of the stimulus.<ref name="CavanaghMather">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cavanagh P, Mather G | title = Motion: the long and short of it | journal = Spatial Vision | volume = 4 | issue = 2β3 | pages = 103β29 | year = 1989 | pmid = 2487159 | doi = 10.1163/156856889X00077 | name-list-style = amp }}</ref><ref name="ChubbSperling">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chubb C, Sperling G | title = Drift-balanced random stimuli: a general basis for studying non-Fourier motion perception | journal = Journal of the Optical Society of America A | volume = 5 | issue = 11 | pages = 1986β2007 | date = November 1988 | pmid = 3210090 | doi = 10.1364/JOSAA.5.001986 | name-list-style = amp | citeseerx = 10.1.1.324.3078 | bibcode = 1988JOSAA...5.1986C }}</ref> There is much evidence to suggest that early processing of first- and second-order motion is carried out by separate pathways.<ref name="Nishida">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nishida S, Ledgeway T, Edwards M | title = Dual multiple-scale processing for motion in the human visual system | journal = Vision Research | volume = 37 | issue = 19 | pages = 2685β98 | date = October 1997 | pmid = 9373668 | doi = 10.1016/S0042-6989(97)00092-8 | s2cid = 7344938 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Second-order mechanisms have poorer temporal resolution and are [[low-pass filter|low-pass]] in terms of the range of [[spatial frequency|spatial frequencies]] to which they respond. (The notion that neural responses are attuned to frequency components of stimulation suffers from the lack of a functional rationale and has been generally criticized by G. Westheimer (2001) in an article called "The Fourier Theory of Vision.") Second-order motion produces a weaker [[motion aftereffect]] unless tested with dynamically flickering stimuli.<ref name="LedgewaySmith">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ledgeway T, Smith AT | title = The duration of the motion aftereffect following adaptation to first-order and second-order motion | journal = Perception | volume = 23 | issue = 10 | pages = 1211β9 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7899037 | doi = 10.1068/p231211 | name-list-style = amp | s2cid = 22761002 }}</ref>
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