Editing Mount Garibaldi (section)

===Subfeatures===
[[File:Mount Garibaldi topographic map-en.svg|thumb|right|350px|alt=A map with contour lines depicting mountainous terrain with river valleys.|[[Topographic map]] of the Mount Garibaldi area]]
The northern and eastern flanks of Mount Garibaldi are covered by the Garibaldi Névé, the main glacial feature at the volcano.<ref>{{cite bcgnis|id=5328|name=Garibaldi Névé|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109100916/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/5328.html|archive-date=2022-01-09|access-date=2022-04-08}}</ref><ref name="LF">{{cite book|last1=Ferrigno|first1=Jane G.|last2=Williams|first2=Richard S.|title=Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World: North America|year=2002|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office]]|page=J296|isbn=0-607-98290-X|doi=10.3133/pp1386J|s2cid=2525336 }}</ref> Several individually named outlet glaciers drain the Garibaldi Névé.<ref name="JC">{{cite book|last1=Smoot|first1=Jeff|title=Best Climbs Cascade Volcanoes|chapter=Mount Garibaldi|publisher=[[FalconGuides]]|pages=31–44|year=2012|isbn=978-0-7627-7796-9}}</ref> These include Garibaldi Glacier northwest of Opal Cone,<ref name="JC"/><ref>{{cite bcgnis|id=5325|name=Garibaldi Glacier|access-date=2022-04-08}}</ref> North Pitt Glacier on the northeastern face of Mount Garibaldi,<ref name="JC"/><ref>{{cite bcgnis|id=17117|name=North Pitt Glacier|access-date=2022-04-08}}</ref> South Pitt Glacier southeast of [[Glacier Pikes]],<ref name="JC"/><ref>{{cite bcgnis|id=20700|name=South Pitt Glacier|access-date=2022-04-08}}</ref> Lava Glacier west of Mamquam Lake,<ref name="JC"/><ref>{{cite bcgnis|id=13098|name=Lava Glacier|access-date=2022-04-08}}</ref> Sentinel Glacier southeast of [[Garibaldi Lake]],<ref name="JC"/><ref>{{cite bcgnis|id=18857|name=Sentinel Glacier|access-date=2022-04-08}}</ref> Warren Glacier at the headwaters of Culiton Creek,<ref name="JC"/><ref>{{cite bcgnis|id=19151|name=Warren Glacier|access-date=2022-04-23}}</ref> Bishop Glacier south of the head of the Pitt River,<ref name="JC"/><ref>{{cite bcgnis|id=5121|name=Bishop Glacier|access-date=2022-08-04}}</ref> Phoenix Glacier south of [[Deception Peak]]<ref name="JC"/><ref>{{cite bcgnis|id=14192|name=Phoenix Glacier|access-date=2022-08-04}}</ref> and Pike Glacier east of Glacier Pikes.<ref name="JC"/><ref>{{cite bcgnis|id=14231|name=Pike Glacier|access-date=2022-08-04}}</ref> The Garibaldi and Lava glaciers issue from the south side of the Garibaldi Névé, sending their muddy waters to the [[Mamquam River]]. Immediately to the north of Mount Garibaldi and directly below its northern face, the Warren Glacier flows towards the Cheakamus River.<ref name="TG">{{cite book|last1=Gray|first1=W. J.|last2=Samson|first2=H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTQyAQAAMAAJ|title=The Northern Cordilleran|chapter=The Garibaldi Group|year=1913|publisher=[[British Columbia Mountaineering Club]]|pages=25, 26}}</ref> The Garibaldi Névé and its outlet glaciers have a combined area of about {{Convert|30|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite report|last1=Denton|first1=George H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5TtRAAAAMAAJ|title=Mountain Glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere|publisher=American Geophysical Society|chapter=Coast Mountains (Pacific Ranges and Cascade Mountains) and Coast Ranges of British Columbia|volume=1|page=675|year=1975}}</ref> Other glaciers on Mount Garibaldi include Cheekye Glacier south of the summit<ref name="JC"/><ref>{{cite bcgnis|id=4986|name=Cheekye Glacier|access-date=2022-08-04}}</ref> and [[Diamond Glacier (British Columbia)|Diamond Glacier]] between Atwell Peak and Diamond Head.<ref name="JC"/><ref>{{cite bcgnis|id=17298|name=Diamond Glacier|access-date=2022-08-04}}</ref> Although the glaciers at times have seen surges reaching further down slope, a 2009 study published in the ''[[Global and Planetary Change]]'' journal found that they overall have been progressively retreating since the early 1900s.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Koch|first1=Johannes|last2=Menounos|first2=Brian|last3=Clague|first3=John J.|title=Glacier Change in Garibaldi Provincial Park, Southern Coast Mountains, British Columbia, Since the Little Ice Age|journal=[[Global and Planetary Change]]|year=2009|volume=66 |issue=3 |publisher=[[Elsevier]]|pages=161–178|doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.11.006 |bibcode=2009GPC....66..161K |issn=0921-8181}}</ref> A study conducted by the [[University of British Columbia]] in 2015 determined that 70% of all the glacial ice in Canada would be melted away by the year 2100. However, observations of the nearby Helm Glacier and other glaciers throughout Canada in 2022 suggest that the 2015 estimate may be an underestimation.<ref>{{cite news|last=Crawford|first=Tiffany|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/scientists-to-hike-b-c-s-helm-glacier-in-garibaldi-park-to-measure-glacial-melt-effects-of-climate-change|title=Scientists to Hike B.C.'s Helm Glacier in Garibaldi Park to Measure Glacial Melt, Effects of Climate Change|work=[[Vancouver Sun]]|agency=[[Postmedia Network]]|year=2022|access-date=2022-10-05}}</ref>

Mount Garibaldi contains a number of individually named peaks. Atwell Peak is a conical plug dome {{Convert|2620|m|ft|abbr=off}} in elevation.<ref name="HLK"/><ref name="JC"/><ref name="WB">{{cite gvp|name=Garibaldi: Synonyms & Subfeatures|vn=320200|vtab=Subfeatures|archive-date=2022-01-09|access-date=2022-04-03}}</ref> It is named after Atwell Duncan Francis Joseph King, an ardent mountaineer who led the [[first ascent]] of Mount Garibaldi in 1907.<ref name="KS"/> Atwell Peak contains sharp and exposed [[ridge]]s, as well as steep and loose faces that are prone to avalanching.<ref name="JC"/> Dalton Dome is a {{Convert|2633|m|ft|adj=mid|abbr=off}} blunt summit named after Arthur Tinniswood Dalton.<ref name="WB"/><ref name="DH">{{cite bcgnis|id=7564|name=Dalton Dome|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109101016/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/7564.html|archive-date=2022-01-09|access-date=2022-04-09}}</ref> Dalton was a [[Vancouver]] architect, city assessor and mountaineer who took part in the first ascent of Mount Garibaldi.<ref name="DH"/> The eastern side of Mount Garibaldi contains a peak known as The Tent.<ref>{{cite bcgnis|id=14967|name=The Tent|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816145205/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/14967.html|archive-date=2021-08-16|access-date=2022-04-09}}</ref> Opal Cone on the southeastern flank of Mount Garibaldi is a {{Convert|1740|m|ft|adj=mid|abbr=off}} [[parasitic cone]] near the south side of Garibaldi Glacier.<ref name="GVP"/><ref name="WB"/><ref>{{cite bcgnis|id=18724|name=Opal Cone|access-date=2022-04-09}}</ref> A [[Spur (topography)|spur]] known as The Sharkin separates the Warren and North Pitt glaciers on the northeast side of Mount Garibaldi.<ref>{{cite bcgnis|id=14965|name=The Sharkfin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815071151/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/14965.html|archive-date=2021-08-15|access-date=2022-04-09}}</ref> Diamond Head is a subsidiary peak on the south side of Mount Garibaldi named for its resemblance to [[Diamond Head, Hawaii|Diamond Head]] in [[Hawaii]].<ref>{{cite bcgnis|id=17301|name=Diamond Head|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109101017/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/17301.html|archive-date=2022-01-09|access-date=2022-08-09}}</ref><ref name="HY">{{cite journal|author-link1=Bill Mathews|last1=Mathews|first1=W. H.|url=https://www.ajsonline.org/content/250/2/81.short|title=Mount Garibaldi, a Supraglacial Pleistocene Volcano in Southwestern British Columbia|journal=[[American Journal of Science]]|publisher=American Journal of Science|volume=250|issue=2|year=1952|pages=81–103|doi=10.2475/ajs.250.2.81|bibcode=1952AmJS..250...81M |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Mount Garibaldi lies within the Squamish River watershed.<ref name="UD"/> Its steep western face is the source of the Cheekye River which drains a small but steep catchment on its western flank that covers an area of {{Convert|60|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shroder|first1=John F.|last2=Davies|first2=Tim|title=Landslide Hazards, Risks, and Disasters|series=Hazards and Disasters|year=2015|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|page=338|isbn=978-0-12-396452-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Tim R.|last2=Korup|first2=Oliver|last3=Clague|first3=John J.|title=Geomorphology and Natural Hazards: Understanding Landscape Change for Disaster Mitigation|chapter=The Scope of Geomorphology in Dealing with Natural Risks and Disasters|year=2021|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|page=498|isbn=9781119990314}}</ref> The Cheekye River flows west into the Cheakamus River which flows south and southwest into the Squamish River.<ref name="SB">{{cite bcgnis|id=4988|name=Cheekye River|access-date=2022-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite bcgnis|id=4978|name=Cheakamus River|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711121315/http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/4978.html|archive-date=2020-07-11|access-date=2022-04-10}}</ref> Cheekye is a [[Squamish language|Squamish]] name meaning "strong rushing water".<ref name="SB"/> [[Ring Creek]] originates from the Bishop and Diamond glaciers on Mount Garibaldi.<ref name="NRC">{{cite web|url=https://atlas.gc.ca/toporama/en/index.html|title=Toporama|work=[[Atlas of Canada]]|date=12 September 2016 |publisher=[[Natural Resources Canada]]|access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref> It flows west and southwest into the Mamquam River which flows west and south into the mouth of the Squamish River.<ref>{{cite bcgnis|id=19857|name=Ring Creek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094105/http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/19857.html|archive-date=2016-03-04|access-date=2022-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite bcgnis|id=4691|name=Mamquam River|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218090318/http://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/4691.html|archive-date=2018-02-18|access-date=2022-04-10}}</ref> Zig Zag Creek drains Lava Glacier and flows southeast into Skookum Creek.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Christie|first1=Jack|title=The Whistler Book: An All-season Outdoor Guide|year=2009|publisher=Greystone Books|page=32|isbn=978-1-55365-447-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite bcgnis|id=25934|name=Zig Zag Creek|access-date=2022-08-04}}</ref> The [[Pitt River]] also originates at Mount Garibaldi and flows southwest from the North Pitt and South Pitt glaciers into the [[Fraser River]].<ref name="NRC"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Dashgard|first1=Shahin|last2=Ward|first2=Brent|title=Trials and Tribulations of Life on an Active Subduction Zone: Field Trips in and Around Vancouver, Canada|chapter=Holocene Human Interaction and Adaptation to Geological and Climatic Changes in the Lower Mainland, Fraser Canyon, and Coast Mountain Area of British Columbia: A Geoarchaeological View|year=2014|publisher=[[Geological Society of America]]|page=54|isbn=978-0-8137-0038-0}}</ref>