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==Membership in European Union agreements== [[File:EU-Agreements current.svg|upright=1.45|thumb|{{legend|#000080|EU, Schengen, EMU, AFSJ (All agreements): 18 c.}} {{legend|#008080|EU, Schengen, AFSJ: 6 c.}} {{legend|#008000|EU, EMU, AFSJ: 1 c.}} {{legend|#00ffff|EU, Schengen: 1 c.}} {{legend|#0000ff|EU, EMU: 1 c.}} {{legend|#800080|EEA, Schengen: 3 c.}} {{legend|#803300|Schengen, Bilateral treaties: 1 c.}} {{legend|#FF6600|Candidates, some agreements: 9 c.}} {{legend|#F5FF52|Microstates, some agreements: 4 c.}} {{legend|#000000|Association Agreement: 1 c.}} {{legend|grey|some agreements: 0 c.}}]] A small group of EU member states have joined all European treaties, instead of opting out on some. They drive the development of a federal model for the European integration. This is linked to the concept of [[Multi-speed Europe]] where some countries would create a core union; and goes back to the [[Inner Six]] references to the founding member states of the [[European Communities]]. At present, the formation of a formal Core Europe Federation ("a federation within the confederation") has been held off at every occasion where such a federation treaty had been discussed.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} Instead, supranational institutions are created that govern more areas in "Inner Europe" than existing European integration provides for. Among the 27 EU state members, 18 states have signed all integration agreements: Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Finland, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain. The agreements considered include the fifth stage of economic integration or [[Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union|EMU]], the [[Schengen agreement]], and the [[Area of freedom, security and justice]] (AFSJ). Thus, among the 27 EU countries, 20 have joined the Eurozone, 25 have joined Schengen, and also 25 have no opt-outs under AFSJ. Further, some countries which do not belong to the EU have joined several of these initiatives, albeit sometimes at a lower stage such as the [[European Union Customs Union|Customs Union]], the [[European Economic Area|Common Market (EEA)]], or even unilaterally adopting the euro, and by taking part in [[Schengen Agreement|Schengen]], either as a signatory state, or ''de facto.'' Thus, 6 non-EU countries have adopted the euro (4 through an agreement with the EU and 2 unilaterally), and 4 non-EU states have joined the Schengen agreement officially. The following table shows the status of each state membership to the different agreements promoted by the EU. It lists 47 countries, including the 27 EU member states, 9 candidate states, 3 members of the [[European Economic Area|EEA]] and Switzerland, Kosovo which has applied for membership, 4 microstates, and the United Kingdom and Armenia as special cases. Hence, this table summarises some components of EU laws applied in most European states. Some territories of EU member states also have a [[Special Member State territories and the European Union#Summary|special status]] in regard to EU laws applied. Some territories of EFTA member states also have a [[EFTA and the European Union|special status]] in regard to EU laws applied as is the case with some [[Microstates and the European Union#Summary|European microstates]]. For member states that do not have special-status territories the EU law applies fully with the exception of the [[opt-outs in the European Union]] and [[Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification|states under a safeguard clause]] or alternatively some states participate in [[enhanced co-operation]] between a subset of the EU members. Additionally, there are various examples of non-participation by some EU members and non-EU states participation in particular [[Agencies of the European Union]], the programmes for [[European Higher Education Area]], [[European Research Area]] and [[Erasmus Mundus]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="float: center; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;" |+ style="font-size: 130%;" | European Union Agreements ! State ! Map ! EU ! [[European Economic Area|EEA]] ! [[European Union Customs Union|Customs Union]] ! [[Schengen Agreement|Schengen]] ! [[Eurozone|EMU (Euro)]] ! [[AFSJ]] |- | {{flagicon|Austria}} Austria | style="background:navy;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Eurozone#European Union member states|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[AFSJ|Yes]] |- | {{flagicon|Belgium|state}} Belgium | style="background:navy;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Eurozone#European Union member states|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[AFSJ|Yes]] |- | {{flagicon|Croatia}} Croatia | style="background:navy;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Eurozone member states|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[AFSJ|Yes]] |- | {{flagicon|Estonia}} Estonia | style="background:navy;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Eurozone#European Union member states|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[AFSJ|Yes]] |- | {{flagicon|Finland}} Finland | style="background:navy;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Eurozone#European Union member states|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[AFSJ|Yes]] |- | {{flagicon|France}} France | style="background:navy;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Eurozone#European Union member states|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[AFSJ|Yes]] |- | {{flagicon|Germany}} Germany | style="background:navy;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]]<ref>3 October 1990 for East Germany</ref> | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Eurozone#European Union member states|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[AFSJ|Yes]] |- | {{flagicon|Greece}} Greece | style="background:navy;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Eurozone#European Union member states|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[AFSJ|Yes]] |- | {{flagicon|Italy}} Italy | style="background:navy;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Eurozone#European Union member states|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[AFSJ|Yes]] |- | {{flagicon|Latvia}} Latvia | style="background:navy;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Eurozone#European Union member states|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[AFSJ|Yes]] |- | {{flagicon|Lithuania}} Lithuania | style="background:navy;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Eurozone#European Union member states|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[AFSJ|Yes]] |- | {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} Luxembourg | style="background:navy;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Eurozone#European Union member states|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[AFSJ|Yes]] |- | {{flagicon|Malta}} Malta | style="background:navy;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Eurozone#European Union member states|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[AFSJ|Yes]] |- | {{flagicon|Netherlands}} Netherlands | style="background:navy;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Eurozone#European Union member states|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[AFSJ|Yes]] |- | {{flagicon|Portugal}} Portugal | style="background:navy;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Eurozone#European Union member states|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[AFSJ|Yes]] |- | {{flagicon|Slovakia}} Slovakia | style="background:navy;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Eurozone#European Union member states|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[AFSJ|Yes]] |- | {{flagicon|Slovenia}} Slovenia | style="background:navy;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Eurozone#European Union member states|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[AFSJ|Yes]] |- | {{flagicon|Spain}} Spain | style="background:navy;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Eurozone#European Union member states|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[AFSJ|Yes]] |- | {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} Bulgaria | style="background:teal;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| [[ERM II]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[AFSJ|Yes]] |- | {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} Czech Republic | style="background:teal;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| [[Czech Republic and the euro|Obliged to join]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[AFSJ|Yes]] |- | {{flagicon|Hungary}} Hungary | style="background:teal;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| [[Hungary and the euro|Obliged to join]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[AFSJ|Yes]] |- | {{flagicon|Poland}} Poland | style="background:teal;" | | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;" | [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;" | Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;" | Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;" | [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;" | [[Poland and the euro|Obliged to join]] | style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;" | [[Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union#The UK and Polish protocol|CFR partial opt-out]] |- | {{flagicon|Romania}} Romania | style="background:teal;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| [[Romania and the euro|Obliged to join]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[AFSJ|Yes]] |- | {{flagicon|Sweden}} Sweden | style="background:teal;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| [[Sweden and the euro|Obliged to join]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[AFSJ|Yes]] |- | {{flagicon|Cyprus}} Cyprus | style="background:green;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| [[Schengen Area#Prospective members|Obliged to join]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Eurozone member states|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[AFSJ|Yes]] |- | {{flagicon|Denmark}} Denmark | style="background:#00ffff;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| [[Opt-outs in the European Union#Economic and Monetary Union â Denmark|Opt-out]], [[ERM II]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| [[AFSJ#Opt-outs|Opt-out]] |- | {{flagicon|Ireland}} Ireland | style="background:#0000ff;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Member state of the European Union|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| [[Opt-outs in the European Union#Schengen Agreement â Ireland|Opt-out]], [[Visa policy of the Schengen Area#Visa_exemptions|Visa Free]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Eurozone member states|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| [[AFSJ#Opt-outs|Opt-out (Opt-in)]] |- | {{flagicon|Liechtenstein}} Liechtenstein | style="background:#800080;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| [[LiechtensteinâEuropean Union relations|No]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No ([[LiechtensteinâSwitzerland relations|Swiss-Liecht CU]]) | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No |- | {{flagicon|Norway}} Norway | style="background:#800080;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| [[NorwayâEuropean Union relations|Applications withdrawn]]<ref>accession suspended (1962 and 1967). Then rejected in two referendums (1972 and 1994)</ref> | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No |- | {{flagicon|Iceland}} Iceland | style="background:#800080;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| [[IcelandâEuropean Union relations|Applications withdrawn]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dw.de/iceland-withdraws-eu-accession-bid/a-18313183 |title=Iceland withdraws EU accession bid | News | DW.COM | 12.03.2015 |publisher=Dw.de |access-date=6 January 2016 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110223/http://www.dw.de/iceland-withdraws-eu-accession-bid/a-18313183 |url-status=live }}</ref> | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| Yes | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No |- | {{flagicon|Switzerland}} Switzerland | style="background:#803300;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| [[SwitzerlandâEuropean Union relations|Application withdrawn]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eda.admin.ch/content/dam/dea/fr/documents/bundesrat/160727-Lettre-retrait-adhesion-CH_fr.pdf|date=27 July 2016|access-date=13 September 2016|publisher=[[Swiss Federal Council]]|title=Retrait de la demande d'adhesion de la Suisse a l'UE|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022054616/https://www.eda.admin.ch/content/dam/dea/fr/documents/bundesrat/160727-Lettre-retrait-adhesion-CH_fr.pdf|archive-date=22 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> | style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| [[SwitzerlandâEuropean Union relations|Bilateral treaties]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/countries/switzerland/|title=Trade â Switzerland|access-date=15 September 2012|publisher=[[European Commission]]|archive-date=25 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325033255/http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/countries/switzerland/|url-status=live}}</ref> | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No ([[LiechtensteinâSwitzerland relations|Swiss-Liecht CU]]) | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[Schengen Area#Current members|Yes]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No |- | {{flagicon|Albania}} Albania | style="background:#f60;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| [[Accession of Albania to the European Union|Candidate]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, [[Energy Community|EC]], [[European Common Aviation Area|ECAA]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;" | No, [[Visa policy of the Schengen Area#Visa_exemptions|Visa Free]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No |- | {{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} Bosnia and Herzegovina | style="background:#f60;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;" | [[Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union|Candidate]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;" | No, [[Energy Community|EC]], [[European Common Aviation Area|ECAA]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | No | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;" | No, [[Visa policy of the Schengen Area#Visa_exemptions|Visa Free]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | No | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | No |- | {{flagicon|Georgia}} Georgia | style="background:#f60;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;" | [[European Union-Georgia relations|Candidate]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;" | No, [[Energy Community|EC]], [[European Common Aviation Area|ECAA]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | No | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;" | No, [[Visa policy of the Schengen Area#Visa_exemptions|Visa Free]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | No | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;" | No |- | {{flagicon|Moldova}} Moldova | style="background:#f60;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| [[MoldovaâEuropean Union relations|Candidate]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, [[Energy Community|EC]], [[European Common Aviation Area|ECAA]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;" | No, [[Visa policy of the Schengen Area#Visa_exemptions|Visa Free]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No |- | {{flagicon|Montenegro}} Montenegro | style="background:#f60;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| [[Accession of Montenegro to the European Union|Candidate]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, [[Energy Community|EC]], [[European Common Aviation Area|ECAA]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;" | No, [[Visa policy of the Schengen Area#Visa_exemptions|Visa Free]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"| [[Montenegro and the euro|Unilaterally adopted]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No |- | {{flagicon|North Macedonia}} North Macedonia | style="background:#f60;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| [[Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union|Candidate]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, [[Energy Community|EC]], [[European Common Aviation Area|ECAA]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;" | No, [[Visa policy of the Schengen Area#Visa_exemptions|Visa Free]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No |- | {{flagicon|Serbia}} Serbia | style="background:#f60;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| [[Accession of Serbia to the European Union|Candidate]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, [[Energy Community|EC]], [[European Common Aviation Area|ECAA]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;" | No, [[Visa policy of the Schengen Area#Visa_exemptions|Visa Free]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No |- | {{flagicon|Turkey}} Turkey | style="background:#f60;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|Candidate]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| [[European Union Customs Union|Customs Union]]{{refn|In a customs union with the EU.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_duties/rules_origin/customs_unions/article_412_en.htm |title=Andorra : Customs Unions and preferential arrangements |publisher=[[European Commission]] |access-date=12 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026034312/http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_duties/rules_origin/customs_unions/article_412_en.htm |archive-date=26 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_duties/rules_origin/customs_unions/article_413_en.htm|title=San Marino : Customs Unions and preferential arrangements|publisher=[[European Commission]]|access-date=12 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026034319/http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_duties/rules_origin/customs_unions/article_413_en.htm|archive-date=26 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/bilateral/countries/turkey/index_en.htm|title=Trade : Turkey|publisher=[[European Commission]]|access-date=12 September 2012|archive-date=2 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302094003/http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/bilateral/countries/turkey/index_en.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_duties/rules_origin/customs_unions/article_414_en.htm|title=Turkey : Customs Unions and preferential arrangements|publisher=[[European Commission]]|access-date=12 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730093911/http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/customs/customs_duties/rules_origin/customs_unions/article_414_en.htm|archive-date=30 July 2012}}</ref>|name=CU|group=Note}} | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No |- | {{flagicon|Ukraine}} Ukraine | style="background:#f60;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| [[European UnionâUkraine relations|Candidate]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, [[Energy Community|EC]], [[European Common Aviation Area|ECAA]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;" | No, [[Visa policy of the Schengen Area#Visa_exemptions|Visa Free]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No |- | {{flagicon|Andorra}} Andorra | style="background:#F5FF52;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| [[AndorraâEuropean Union relations|No]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| [[European Union Customs Union|Customs Union]]{{refn|name=CU|group=Note}} | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| [[Schengen Area#Status of the European microstates|No]], [[Visa policy of the Schengen Area#Visa_exemptions|Visa Free]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[International status and usage of the euro#Sovereign states|Yes]]{{refn|Formal [[International status and usage of the euro#Sovereign states|agreement]] with the EU to issue euros.|name=euros|group=Note}} | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No |- | {{flagicon|Monaco}} Monaco | style="background:#F5FF52;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| [[MonacoâEuropean Union relations|No]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"| ''de facto'', with France | style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"| [[Schengen Area#Status of the European microstates|''de facto'', with France]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[International status and usage of the euro#Sovereign states|Yes]]{{refn|Formal [[International status and usage of the euro#Sovereign states|agreement]] with the EU to issue euros.|name=euros|group=Note}} | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No |- | {{flagicon|San Marino}} San Marino | style="background:#F5FF52;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| [[San MarinoâEuropean Union relations|No]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#ffb;"| [[European Union Customs Union|Customs Union]]{{refn|name=CU|group=Note}} | style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"| [[Schengen Area#Status of the European microstates|Open border]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[International status and usage of the euro#Sovereign states|Yes]]{{refn|name=euros|group=Note}} | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No |- | {{flagicon|Vatican City}} Vatican City | style="background:#F5FF52;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| [[Holy SeeâEuropean Union relations|No]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"| [[Schengen Area#Status of the European microstates|Open border]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bfb;"| [[International status and usage of the euro#Sovereign states|Yes]]{{refn|name=euros|group=Note}} | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No |- | {{flagicon|Kosovo}} Kosovo | style="background:#000;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| [[Accession of Kosovo to the European Union|Applicant, SAA signed]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, [[Energy Community|EC]], [[European Common Aviation Area|ECAA]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;" | No, [[Visa policy of the Schengen Area#Visa_exemptions|Visa Free]] | style="text-align:center; background:#bbf;"| [[Kosovo and the euro|Unilaterally adopted]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No |- | {{flagicon|Armenia}} Armenia | style="background#000;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| [[ArmeniaâEuropean Union relations|No]] ({{hilite | [[Armenia-EU Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement|CEPA signed]] | #fdb}}) | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, [[Energy Community|EC]], [[European Common Aviation Area|ECAA]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No |- | {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom | style="background#000;"| | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| [[Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union|No]] ([[Brexit|withdrew]]) | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No (withdrew) | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#fdb;"| No, [[Visa policy of the Schengen Area#Visa requirements for the Schengen Area, Bulgaria, Cyprus and Romania|Visa Free]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No | style="text-align:center; background:#fbb;"| No |} Notes: {{Reflist|group="Note"|2}}
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