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===Support=== [[File:India Square JC jeh.JPG|thumb|[[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|People of Indian origin]] have been able to achieve a high [[demographic profile]] in [[India Square]], [[Jersey City, New Jersey#Demographics|Jersey City]], [[New Jersey]], US, known as ''Little Bombay'',<ref>Kiniry, Laura. "Moon Handbooks New Jersey", Avalon Travel Publishing, 2006. pg. 34 {{ISBN|1-56691-949-5}}</ref> home to the highest concentration of Asian Indians in the [[Western Hemisphere]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jerseycityindependent.com/2014/04/neighborhood-spotlight-journal-square/|title=Neighborhood Spotlight: Journal Square|author=Laryssa Wirstiuk|newspaper=Jersey City Independent|date=21 April 2014|access-date=26 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630085618/http://www.jerseycityindependent.com/2014/04/neighborhood-spotlight-journal-square/|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> and one of at least 24 [[ethnic enclave|enclaves]] characterized as a ''Little India'' which have emerged within the New York City Metropolitan Area, with the largest metropolitan Indian population outside Asia, as large-scale immigration from India continues into New York City,<ref name=Immigrants2014est>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immsuptable2d_5.xls|title=Supplemental Table 2. Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2014|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security |access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref><ref name=Immigrants2013est>{{cite web |url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2013/LPR/immsuptable2d.xls |title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 Supplemental Table 2 |publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security |access-date=2 July 2017}}</ref> through the support of the surrounding community.]] Multiculturalism is seen by its supporters as a fairer system that allows people to truly express who they are within a society, that is more tolerant and that adapts better to social issues.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/mar/22/multiculturalism-blame-culture-segregation |title=Guardian.co.uk |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=22 March 2010 |access-date=10 December 2010 |location=London |first=Antony |last=Lerman}}</ref> They argue that culture is not one definable thing based on one race or religion, but rather the result of multiple factors that change as the world changes. Historically, support for modern multiculturalism stems from the changes in Western societies after World War II, in what Susanne Wessendorf calls the "human rights revolution", in which the horrors of institutionalized racism and [[ethnic cleansing]] became almost impossible to ignore in the wake of the [[Holocaust]]; with the collapse of the [[Colonial empire|European colonial system]], as colonized nations in Africa and [[Western imperialism in Asia|Asia]] successfully [[African independence movements|fought for their independence]] and pointed out the discriminatory underpinnings of the colonial system; and, in the United States in particular, with the rise of the [[Civil Rights Movement]], which criticized ideals of [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] that often led to prejudices against those who did not act according to Anglo-American standards and which led to the development of academic [[ethnic studies]] programs as a way to counteract the neglect of contributions by racial minorities in classrooms.<ref>Susanne Wessendorf, ''The multiculturalism backlash: European discourses, policies and practices'', p. 35; accessed through Google Books, 12 February 2011.</ref><ref>Paul C. Gorski, [http://www.edchange.org/multicultural/papers/edchange_history.html "A Brief History of Multicultural Education"], EdChange.org, November 1999; accessed 12 February 2011.</ref> As this history shows, multiculturalism in Western countries was seen to combat racism, to protect minority communities of all types, and to undo policies that had prevented minorities from having full access to the opportunities for freedom and equality promised by the liberalism that has been the hallmark of Western societies since the [[Age of Enlightenment]]. The [[contact hypothesis]] in sociology is a well-documented phenomenon in which cooperative interactions with those from a different group than one's own reduce prejudice and inter-group hostility. [[Will Kymlicka]] argues for "group differentiated rights", that help both religious and cultural minorities operate within the larger state as a whole, without impinging on the rights of the larger society. He bases this on his opinion that human rights fall short in protecting the rights of minorities, as the state has no stake in protecting the minorities.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1093/0198290918.003.0006 |chapter=Justice and Minority Rights |title=Multicultural Citizenship |year=1996 |last1=Kymlicka |first1=Will |pages=107β130 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198290919 }}</ref> C. James Trotman argues that multiculturalism is valuable because it "uses several disciplines to highlight neglected aspects of our social history, particularly the histories of women and minorities [...and] promotes respect for the dignity of the lives and voices of the forgotten.<ref name="Trotman2002">{{cite book|author=C. James Trotman|title=Multiculturalism: roots and realities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ht8UKlutUaMC&pg=PR9|access-date=29 January 2012|year=2002|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-34002-3|pages=9β10}}</ref> By closing gaps, by raising consciousness about the past, multiculturalism tries to restore a sense of wholeness in a [[postmodern]] era that fragments human life and thought."<ref name="Trotman2002"/> [[Tariq Modood]] argues that in the early years of the 21st century, multiculturalism "is most timely and necessary, and [...] we need more not less", since it is "the form of integration" that (1) best fits the ideal of [[egalitarianism]], (2) has "the best chance of succeeding" in the "post-[[9/11]], post [[7/7]]" world, and (3) has remained "moderate [and] pragmatic".<ref name="Modood2007">{{cite book|author=Tariq Modood|title=Multiculturalism: a civic idea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlEMZuPhpWQC&pg=PA14|year=2007|publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0-7456-3288-9|page=14}}</ref> [[Bhikhu Parekh]] counters what he sees as the tendencies to equate multiculturalism with racial minorities "demanding special rights" and to see these as promoting a "thinly veiled racis[m]". Instead, he argues that multiculturalism is in fact "not about minorities" but "is about the proper terms of the relationship between different cultural communities", which means that the standards by which the communities resolve their differences, e.g., "the principles of justice" must not come from only one of the cultures but must come "through an open and equal dialogue between them."<ref>{{cite book|last=Parekh|first=Bhikhu C.|title=Rethinking multiculturalism: cultural diversity and political theory|year=2002|publisher=Harvard UP|isbn=978-0-674-00995-0|page=13}}</ref> Balibar characterizes criticisms of multiculturalism as "differentialist racism", which he describes as a covert form of racism that does not purport ethnic superiority as much as it asserts stereotypes of perceived "incompatibility of life-styles and traditions".<ref name="Gunew 2004 80">{{cite book|last=Gunew|first=Sneja|title=Haunted Nations: The colonial dimensions of multiculturalisms|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|location=11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE|isbn=978-0-415-28483-7|page=80}}</ref> While there is research that suggests that ethnic diversity increases chances of war, lower public goods provision and decreases democratization, there is also research that shows that ethnic diversity in itself is not detrimental to peace,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fearon |first1=James D. |last2=Laitin |first2=David D. |title=Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War |journal=American Political Science Review |date=February 2003 |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=75β90 |doi=10.1017/S0003055403000534 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |citeseerx=10.1.1.453.3913 |s2cid=8303905 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wimmer |first1=Andreas |last2=Cederman |first2=Lars-Erik |last3=Min |first3=Brian |title=Ethnic Politics and Armed Conflict: A Configurational Analysis of a New Global Data Set |journal=American Sociological Review |date=April 2009 |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=316β337 |doi=10.1177/000312240907400208 |citeseerx=10.1.1.518.4825 |s2cid=9751858 }}</ref> public goods provision<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baldwin |first1=Kate |last2=Huber |first2=John D. |title=Economic versus Cultural Differences: Forms of Ethnic Diversity and Public Goods Provision |journal=American Political Science Review |date=November 2010 |volume=104 |issue=4 |pages=644β662 |doi=10.1017/S0003055410000419 |s2cid=6811597 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wimmer |first1=Andreas |title=Is Diversity Detrimental? Ethnic Fractionalization, Public Goods Provision, and the Historical Legacies of Stateness |journal=Comparative Political Studies |date=September 2016 |volume=49 |issue=11 |pages=1407β1445 |doi=10.1177/0010414015592645 |s2cid=7998506 }}</ref> or democracy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gerring |first1=John |last2=Hoffman |first2=Michael |last3=Zarecki |first3=Dominic |title=The Diverse Effects of Diversity on Democracy |journal=British Journal of Political Science |date=April 2018 |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=283β314 |doi=10.1017/S000712341600003X |s2cid=18860350 }}</ref> Rather, it was found that promoting diversity actually helps in advancing disadvantaged students.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kislev |first1=Elyakim |title=The effect of education policies on higher-education attainment of immigrants in Western Europe: A cross-classified multilevel analysis |journal=Journal of European Social Policy |date=May 2016 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=183β199 |doi=10.1177/0958928716637142 |s2cid=156140332 }}</ref> A 2018 study in the ''[[American Political Science Review]]'' cast doubts on findings that ethnoracial homogeneity led to greater public goods provision.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kustov |first1=Alexander |last2=Pardelli |first2=Giuliana |title=Ethnoracial Homogeneity and Public Outcomes: The (Non)effects of Diversity |journal=American Political Science Review |date=November 2018 |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=1096β1103 |doi=10.1017/S0003055418000308 |s2cid=149495272 }}</ref> A 2015 study in the ''American Journal of Sociology'' challenged past research showing that racial diversity adversely affected trust.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abascal |first1=Maria |last2=Baldassarri |first2=Delia |title=Love Thy Neighbor? Ethnoracial Diversity and Trust Reexamined |journal=American Journal of Sociology |date=November 2015 |volume=121 |issue=3 |pages=722β782 |doi=10.1086/683144 |pmid=26900618 |s2cid=20479598 }}</ref> According to migration researcher [[Hein de Haas]], research shows that there is no systematic relationship between levels of [[immigration]] or [[ethnic diversity]] and [[social cohesion]] or [[Trust (social science)|trust]]. Studies show that factors such as [[economic inequality]] and trust in government are much more important for social cohesion than diversity. In countries and regions where income inequality is low and where people trust their government, social cohesion remains strong even with high levels of diversity. Canada and Australia, for example, are countries with high levels of immigration and diversity, but also with stable and well-functioning societies. On the other hand, hate speech toward minority groups by politicians can reduce social cohesion. So diversity as such does not undermine social cohesion, hate speech by politicians does.<ref>{{cite book | last = de Haas | first = Hein | title = How Migration Really Works: A Factful Guide to the Most Divisive Issue in Politics | publisher = Random House | year = 2023 | chapter = Myth 4: Our societies are more diverse than ever }}</ref>
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