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Multiple system atrophy
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===Progression=== As the disease progresses, one of three groups of symptoms predominates. These are:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stępnicki |date=2018-08-20 |title=Current Concepts and Treatments of Schizophrenia |journal=Molecules |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=2087 |doi=10.3390/molecules23082087 |doi-access= free|issn=1420-3049 |pmc=6222385 |pmid=30127324}}</ref> # [[Parkinsonism]] - slow, stiff movement, writing becomes small and spidery<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Aminoff MJ, Greenberg DA, Simon RP | title = Clinical Neurology | publisher = Lange: McGraw-Hill Medical | edition = 6th | pages = 241–45 |year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-07-142360-1 |chapter= Chapter 7: Movement disorders}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ogawa T, Fujii S, Kuya K, Kitao SI, Shinohara Y, Ishibashi M, Tanabe Y | title = Role of Neuroimaging on Differentiation of Parkinson's Disease and Its Related Diseases | journal = Yonago Acta Medica | volume = 61 | issue = 3 | pages = 145–155 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 30275744 | pmc = 6158357 | doi = 10.33160/yam.2018.09.001 | type = Review | quote = Parkinsonian syndromes are a group of movement disorders characterized by classical motor symptoms such as tremors, bradykinesia, and rigidity. They are most frequently due to primary neurodegenerative disease, resulting in the loss of dopaminergic nerve terminals along the nigrostriatal pathway, similar to idiopathic PD, MSA, PSP, CBD, and DLB. }}</ref> # [[Cerebellar]] dysfunction - difficulty coordinating movement and balance<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Hodos W |chapter= Evolution of Cerebellum|title=Encyclopedia of Neuroscience|publisher=Springer|date=2009|pages=1240–1243|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-29678-2_3124|isbn=978-3-540-23735-8}}</ref> # [[Autonomic nervous system]] dysfunction - impaired automatic body functions, including one, some, or all of the following:<ref>{{DorlandsDict|nine/000950637|Autonomic nervous system}}</ref> ::* postural or [[orthostatic hypotension]], resulting in [[dizziness]] or [[fainting]] upon standing up<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/hypotension/| title=Hypotension|website=The Lecturio Medical Concept Library |access-date= 27 July 2021}}</ref> ::* [[urinary incontinence]] or [[urinary retention]]<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Ackley B | title = Nursing diagnosis handbook : an evidence-based guide to planning care |edition=9th| publisher = Mosby | location = Maryland Heights, Mo | year = 2010 | isbn = 9780323071505 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Richard C, Amarenco G, Palma JA, Kaufmann H, Drapier S, Gamé X, Brucker B, Peyronnet B | title = Early bladder dysfunction in multiple system atrophy: who seek shall find | journal = Clin Auton Res | date = 2019 | volume = 29 | issue = 6 | pages = 625–6 | pmid = 1705345 | doi = 10.1007/s10286-019-00648-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Sakakibara R, Panicker J, Finazzi-Agro E, Iacovelli V, Bruschini H, Subcomittee PD,NUPC,ICS | title = A guideline for the management of bladder dysfunction in Parkinson's disease and other gait disorders | journal = Neurourol Urodyn | date = 2016 | volume = 35 | issue = 5 | pages = 551–63 | pmid = 25810035 | doi = 10.1002/nau.22764 }}</ref> ::* [[impotence]]<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Cunningham GR, Rosen RC | chapter = Overview of male sexual dysfunction. | title = UpToDate | veditors = Martin KA | publisher = UpToDate | location = Waltham, MA | date = 2018 }}</ref> ::* [[constipation]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/constipation/| title=Constipation|website=The Lecturio Medical Concept Library |access-date= 27 July 2021}}</ref> ::* [[vocal cord]] paralysis ::* [[dry mouth]] and skin ::* trouble regulating [[body temperature]] due to [[sweating deficiency]] in all parts of the body ::* loud snoring, [[abnormal breathing]] or inspiratory [[stridor]] during sleep ::* other sleep disorders including [[sleep apnea]], [[Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder|REM behavior disorder]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gilman S, Koeppe RA, Chervin RD, Consens FB, Little R, An H, Junck L, Heumann M | display-authors = 6 | title = REM sleep behavior disorder is related to striatal monoaminergic deficit in MSA | journal = Neurology | volume = 61 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–34 | date = July 2003 | pmid = 12847152 | doi = 10.1212/01.wnl.0000073745.68744.94 | s2cid = 9538306 }}</ref> ::* [[diplopia|double vision]]<ref name="NIH">{{cite web |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Multiple-System-Atrophy |title=What is multiple system atrophy? |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=NIH |access-date=November 25, 2018 }}</ref> ::*[[fasciculations|muscle twitches]]<ref name="NIH"/> ::* Cognitive impairment<ref name="pmid20576697">{{cite journal|author3-link=Bernhard Landwehrmeyer | vauthors = Brown RG, Lacomblez L, Landwehrmeyer BG, Bak T, Uttner I, Dubois B, Agid Y, Ludolph A, Bensimon G, Payan C, Leigh NP | display-authors = 6 | title = Cognitive impairment in patients with multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy | journal = Brain | volume = 133 | issue = Pt 8 | pages = 2382–2393 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20576697 | doi = 10.1093/brain/awq158 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
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