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N'Ko script
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==Letters== The NKo script is written from right to left, with letters being connected to one another. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center;" |- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" ! {{IPA|ɔ}} || {{IPA|o}} || {{IPA|u}} || {{IPA|ɛ}} || {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|e}} || {{IPA|a}} |- | {{script|Nko|[[ߐ]]}} || {{script|Nko|[[ߏ]]}} || {{script|Nko|ߎ}} || {{script|Nko|ߍ}} || {{script|Nko|ߌ}} || {{script|Nko|ߋ}} || {{script|Nko|ߊ}} |- | [[File:NKo Aw.svg]] || [[File:NKo O.svg]] || [[File:NKo Uh.svg]] || [[File:NKo Eh.svg]] || [[File:NKo E.svg]] || [[File:NKo A.svg]] || [[File:NKo Ah.svg]] |} ===Consonants=== {| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center;" |- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" ! {{IPA|r}} || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || {{IPA|t͡ʃ}} || {{IPA|d͡ʒ}} || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} |- | {{script|Nko|ߙ}} || {{script|Nko|ߕ}} || {{script|Nko|ߘ}} || {{script|Nko|ߗ}} || {{script|Nko|ߖ}} || {{script|Nko|ߔ}} || {{script|Nko|ߓ}} |- | [[File:NKo R.svg]] || [[File:NKo T.svg]] || [[File:NKo D.svg]] || [[File:NKo Ch.svg]] || [[File:NKo J.svg]] || [[File:NKo P.svg]] || [[File:NKo B.svg]] |- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" ! {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|ɡ͡b}} || {{IPA|l}} || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|rr}} |- | {{script|Nko|ߡ}} || {{script|Nko|ߜ}} || {{script|Nko|ߟ}} || {{script|Nko|ߞ}} || {{script|Nko|ߝ}} || {{script|Nko|ߛ}} || {{script|Nko|ߚ}} |- | [[File:NKo M.svg]] || [[File:NKo Gb.svg]] || [[File:NKo L.svg]] || [[File:NKo K.svg]] || [[File:NKo F.svg]] || [[File:NKo S.svg]] || [[File:NKo Rr.svg]] |- bgcolor="#f0f0f0" ! {{IPA|ŋ}} || {{IPA|h}} || || {{IPA|j}} || {{IPA|w}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ɲ}} |- | {{script|Nko|ߒ}} || {{script|Nko|ߤ}} || || {{script|Nko|ߦ}} || {{script|Nko|ߥ}} || {{script|Nko|ߣ}} || {{script|Nko|ߢ}} |- | [[File:NKo Ng.svg]] || [[File:NKo H.svg]] || || [[File:NKo Y.svg]] || [[File:NKo W.svg]] || [[File:NKo N.svg]] || [[File:NKo Ny.svg]] |} ===Tones=== NKo uses 7 [[diacritic]]al marks to denote [[tone (linguistics)|tonality]] and [[vowel length]]. Together with plain vowels, NKo distinguishes four tones: high, low, ascending, and descending; and two vowel lengths: long and short. Unmarked signs designate short, descending vowels. One dot below a vowel marks that vowel as nasal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 19 – Unicode 16.0.0 |url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/chapter-19/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.unicode.org |quote=When applied to a vowel, U+07F2 NKO COMBINING NASALIZATION MARK indicates the nasalization of that vowel. }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center;" |- ! style="width: 60px;" | ! style="width: 60px;" | high ! style="width: 60px;" | low ! style="width: 60px;" | rising ! style="width: 60px;" | falling |- ! style="background: #f0f0f0;" | short | style="font-size: x-large;" | {{script|Nko|߫}} | style="font-size: x-large;" | {{script|Nko|߬}} | style="font-size: x-large;" | {{script|Nko|߭}} | <!--leave cell empty--> |- ! style="background: #f0f0f0;" | long | style="font-size: x-large;" | {{script|Nko|߯}} | style="font-size: x-large;" | {{script|Nko|߰}} | style="font-size: x-large;" | {{script|Nko|߱}} | style="font-size: x-large;" | {{script|Nko|߮}} |} ===Non-native sounds and letters=== NKo also provides a way of representing non-native sounds through the modification of its letters with diacritics.<ref>{{cite book |last=Doumbouya |first=Mamady |date=2012 |title=Illustrated English/N'Ko Alphabet: An introduction to N'Ko for English Speakers |url=http://cormand.huma-num.fr/maninkabiblio/ouvrages/dunbuya-angile_nko.pdf |location=Philadelphia, PA, USA |publisher=N'Ko Institute of America |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.culturesofwestafrica.com/nko-alphabet-west-african-script/ |title=N'Ko Alphabet: a West African Script |last=Sogoba |first=Mia |date=June 1, 2018 |website=Cultures of West Africa |access-date=June 2, 2019 |archive-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106041611/https://www.culturesofwestafrica.com/nko-alphabet-west-african-script/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> These letters are used in transliterated names and loanwords. [[Two dots (diacritic)|Two dots]] above a vowel, resembling a diaeresis or umlaut mark, represent a foreign vowel: u-two-dots for the French {{IPAslink|y}} sound, or e-two-dots for the French {{IPAslink|ə}}. Diacritics are also placed above some consonant letters to cover sounds not found in Mandé, such as gb-dot for {{IPAslink|ɡ}}; gb-line for {{IPAslink|ɣ}}; gb-two-dots for {{IPAslink|k͡p}}; f-dot for {{IPAslink|v}}; rr-dot for {{IPAslink|ʁ}}; etc.
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