Editing Nasalization (section)

==Nasal consonants==
{{main|Nasal consonant}}
By far the most common nasal sounds are [[nasal consonant]]s such as {{IPA|[m]}}, {{IPA|[n]}} or {{IPA|[ŋ]}}. Most nasal consonants are occlusives, and airflow through the mouth is blocked and redirected through the nose. Their oral counterparts are the [[stop consonant|stops]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}}.

===Nasalized consonants===
Nasalized versions of other consonant sounds also exist but are much rarer than either nasal occlusives or nasal vowels. The [[Middle Chinese]] [[Guangyun|consonant]] [[wikt:日|日]] ({{IPA|[ȵʑ]}}; {{IPA|[ʐ]}} in modern [[Standard Chinese]]) has an odd history; for example, it has evolved into {{IPAblink|ʐ}} and {{IPA|[ɑɻ]}} (or {{IPAblink|ɻ}} and {{IPAblink|ɚ}} respectively, depending on accents) in [[Standard Chinese]]; {{IPAblink|z}}/{{IPAblink|ʑ}} and {{IPAblink|n}} in [[Hokkien]];  {{IPA|[z]}}/{{IPA|[ʑ]}} and {{IPA|[n]}}/{{IPAblink|ɲ|n̠ʲ}} while borrowed into Japan. It seems likely that it was once a nasalized fricative, perhaps a palatal {{IPA|[ʝ̃]}}.

In [[Coatzospan Mixtec]], fricatives and affricates are nasalized before nasal vowels even when they are voiceless. In the [[Hupa language|Hupa]], the [[velar nasal]] {{IPA|/ŋ/}} often has the tongue not make full contact, resulting in a nasalized approximant, {{IPA|[ɰ̃]}}. That is [[cognate]] with a [[Nasal palatal approximant|nasalized palatal approximant]] {{IPA|[ȷ̃]}} in other [[Athabaskan languages]].

In [[Umbundu language|Umbundu]], phonemic {{IPA|/ṽ/}} contrasts with the ([[allophone|allophonically]]) nasalized approximant {{IPA|[w̃]}} and so is likely to be a true fricative rather than an approximant.{{Elucidate|date=April 2010}} In [[Old Irish|Old]] and [[Middle Irish]], the [[lenition|lenited]] {{angbr|m}} was a nasalized bilabial fricative {{IPA|[β̃]}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Thurneysen |first1=Rudolf |author-link=Rudolf Thurneysen |title=A Grammar of Old Irish |last2=Binchy |first2=D. A. |publisher=Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies |year=1946 |isbn=1-85500-161-6 |location=Dublin |page=85 |translator-last=Bergin |translator-first=Osborn}}</ref>

[[Ganza language|Ganza]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smolders |first=Joshua |date=2016 |title=A Phonology of Ganza |url=http://journals.dartmouth.edu/cgi-bin/WebObjects/Journals.woa/1/xmlpage/1/document/1070 |format=pdf |journal=Linguistic Discovery |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=86–144 |doi=10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.470 |access-date=2017-01-16 |doi-access=free}}</ref> has a phonemic nasalized [[glottal stop]] {{IPA|[ʔ̃]}} while [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]] has it allophonically; nasalized stops can occur only with pharyngeal articulation or lower, or they would be simple nasals.{{sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=134}} Nasal [[flap consonant|flaps]] are common allophonically. Many West African languages have a nasal flap {{IPA|[ɾ̃]}} (or {{IPA|[n̆]}}) as an allophone of {{IPAslink|ɾ}} before a nasal vowel; [[voiced retroflex nasal flap]]s are common intervocalic allophones of {{IPAslink|ɳ}} in South Asian languages.

A nasal trill {{IPA|[r̃]}} has been described from some dialects of Romanian, and is posited as an intermediate historical step in [[Rhotacism (sound change)|rhotacism]]. However, the phonetic variation of the sound is considerable, and it is not clear how frequently it is actually trilled.<ref>{{Citation |last=Sampson |first=Rodney |title=Nasal Vowel Evolution in Romance |pages=312–313 |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-823848-7}}</ref> Some languages contrast {{IPA|/r, r̃/}} like [[Toro-tegu Dogon]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heath |first=Jeffrey |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/123064/A?sequence=4 |title=A Grammar of Toro Tegu (Dogon), Tabi mountain dialect |year=2014}}</ref> and [[Inor_language|Inor]]. A nasal lateral has been reported for some languages, [[Nzema language|Nzema]] contrasts {{IPA|/l, l̃/}},<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berry |first=J. |date=1955 |title=Some Notes on the Phonology of the Nzema and Ahanta Dialects |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=160–165 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00106421 |issn=1474-0699 |s2cid=162551544}}</ref> [[Nemi language|Nemi]] contrasts {{IPA|/w, w̥, h, w̃, w̥̃, h̃/}}.

Other languages, such as the [[Khoisan languages]] of [[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoe]] and [[Gǀui dialect|Gǀui]], as well as several of the [[!Kung language]]s, include [[nasal click]] consonants. Nasal clicks are typically with a nasal or superscript nasal preceding the consonant (for example, velar-dental {{angbr IPA|ŋ͡ǀ}} or {{angbr IPA|ᵑǀ}} and uvular-dental {{angbr IPA|ɴ͡ǀ}} or {{angbr IPA|ᶰǀ}}).{{sfn|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=268}} Nasalized laterals such as {{IPA|[‖̃]}} (a nasalized lateral alveolar click) are easy to produce but rare or nonexistent as phonemes; nasalized lateral clicks are common in Southern African languages such as [[Zulu language|Zulu]]. Often when {{IPA|/l/}} is nasalized, it becomes {{IPA|[n]}}.