Editing Near-Earth object (section)

=== Encounters with Earth ===

If a near-Earth object is near the part of its orbit closest to Earth's at the same time Earth is at the part of its orbit closest to the near-Earth object's orbit, the object has a close approach, or, if the orbits intersect, could even impact the Earth or its atmosphere.

==== Close approaches ====
{{main|List of asteroid close approaches to Earth}}

{{As of|2019|5}}, only 23 comets have been observed to pass within {{convert|0.1|AU|km mi|abbr=on|lk=off}} of Earth, including 10 which are or have been short-period comets.<ref name="closest-NEC"/> Two of these near-Earth comets, Halley's Comet and [[73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann]], have been observed during multiple close approaches.<ref name="closest-NEC"/> The closest observed approach was 0.0151&nbsp;AU (5.88&nbsp;LD) for [[Lexell's Comet]] on July 1, 1770.<ref name="closest-NEC" /> After an orbit change due to a close approach of Jupiter in 1779, this object is no longer an NEC. The closest approach ever observed for a current short-period NEC is 0.0229&nbsp;AU (8.92&nbsp;LD) for [[55P/Tempel–Tuttle|Comet Tempel–Tuttle]] in 1366.<ref name="closest-NEC"/> Orbital calculations show that [[P/1999 J6 (SOHO)]], a faint [[sungrazing comet]] and confirmed short-period NEC observed only during its close approaches to the Sun,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sekanina |first1=Zdenek |last2=Chodas |first2=Paul W. |title=Origin of the Marsden and Kracht Groups of Sunskirting Comets. I. Association with Comet 96P/Machholz and Its Interplanetary Complex |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=151 |issue=2 |pages=551–586 |date=December 2005 |doi=10.1086/497374 |bibcode=2005ApJS..161..551S |s2cid=85442034}}</ref> passed Earth undetected at a distance of 0.0120&nbsp;AU (4.65&nbsp;LD) on June 12, 1999.<ref>{{cite web |title=Small-Body Database Lookup. P/1999 J6 (SOHO) |date=April 16, 2021 |publisher=NASA/JPL |url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=1999%20J6&view=OPC |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101175145/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=1999%20J6&view=OPC |archive-date=January 1, 2025}}</ref>

In 1937, {{convert|800|m|ft|abbr=on}} asteroid [[69230 Hermes]] was discovered when it passed the Earth at twice the [[Lunar distance|distance of the Moon]].<ref name="RadarHermes">{{cite web |title=Radar observations of long-lost asteroid 1937 UB (Hermes) |publisher=[[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] |url=http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jlm/research/NEAs/Hermes/ |access-date=January 26, 2024 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123110938/http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jlm/research/NEAs/Hermes/ |archive-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> On June 14, 1968, the {{convert|1.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} diameter asteroid [[1566 Icarus]] passed Earth at a distance of {{convert |0.0425 |AU |km |abbr=on |lk=off}}, or 16.5 times the distance of the Moon.<ref name=jpl-close>{{cite web |title=Small-Body Database Lookup. 1566 Icarus (1949 MA) |publisher=NASA/JPL |date=August 4, 2024 |url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=1566&view=OPC |access-date=January 3, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103085945/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=1566&view=OPC |archive-date=January 3, 2025}}</ref> During this approach, Icarus became the first minor planet to be observed using [[radar]].<ref name="Pettengill-1969">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |first1=G. H. |last1=Pettengill |first2=I. I. |last2=Shapiro |first3=M. E. |last3=Ash |first4=R. P. |last4=Ingalls |first5=L. P. |last5=Rainville |first6=W. B. |last6=Smith |first7=M. L. |last7=Stone |date=May 1969 |title=Radar observations of Icarus |journal=[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]] |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=432–435 |bibcode=1969Icar...10..432P |doi= 10.1016/0019-1035(69)90101-8 |issn=0019-1035}}</ref><ref name="Goldstein-1968">{{Cite journal |last=Goldstein |first= R. M. |date=November 1968 |title=Radar Observations of Icarus |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=162 |issue=3856 |pages=903–904 |bibcode=1968Sci...162..903G |doi=10.1126/science.162.3856.903 |pmid=17769079|s2cid=129644095}}</ref> This was the first close approach predicted years in advance, since Icarus had been discovered in 1949.<ref name="Marsden1998"/> The first near-Earth asteroid known to have passed Earth closer than the distance of the Moon was {{mpl|1991 BA|}}, a {{convert|5|-|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} body which passed at a distance of {{convert|170,000|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=J. V. |last1=Scotti |first2=D. L. |last2=Rabinowitz |first3=B. G. |last3=Marsden |title=Near miss of the Earth by a small asteroid |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=354 |pages=287–289 |date=November 28, 1991 |issue=6351 |doi=10.1038/354287a0|bibcode=1991Natur.354..287S}}</ref> As NEA surveys were enhanced, at least one such object was observed each year from 2001, at least a dozen from 2005, and over a hundred from 2020.<ref name="closest-NEA"/><ref name="NEO-close"/>

As astronomers became able to discover ever smaller and fainter and ever more numerous near-Earth objects, they began to routinely observe and catalogue close approaches.<ref name="closest-NEA"/><ref name="NEO-close"/> {{As of|2024|12}}, the closest approach without atmospheric or ground impact ever detected was an encounter with {{convert|5|-|11|m|ft|abbr=on}} asteroid {{mpl|2020 VT|4}} on November 14, 2020,<ref name="NEO-close"/> with a minimum distance of about {{convert|6750|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Earth's centre, or about {{convert|380|km|mi|abbr=on}} above its surface.<ref name="EarthSky">{{cite news |first=Eddie |last=Irizarry |title=This asteroid just skimmed Earth's atmosphere |work=[[Earth & Sky|EarthSky]] |date= November 16, 2020 |url=https://earthsky.org/space/asteroid-2020-vt4-skimmed-atmosphere-fri-nov-13-2020 |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202233126/https://earthsky.org/space/asteroid-2020-vt4-skimmed-atmosphere-fri-nov-13-2020/ |archive-date=December 2, 2024}}</ref> On November 8, 2011, asteroid {{mpl|(308635) 2005 YU|55}}, relatively large at about {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter, passed within {{convert|324930|km|mi|abbr=on}} (0.845 [[lunar distance]]s) of Earth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Small-Body Database Lookup. 308635 (2005 YU55) |date=January 7, 2022 |publisher=NASA/JPL |url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=2005YU55&view=OPC |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101175145/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=2005YU55&view=OPC |archive-date=January 1, 2025}}</ref> On February 15, 2013, the {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} asteroid [[367943 Duende]] ({{mp|2012 DA|14}}) passed approximately {{convert|27700|km|mi|abbr=on}} above the surface of Earth, closer than satellites in geosynchronous orbit.<ref name="Duende-BBC">{{cite news |first=Jason |last=Palmer |title=Asteroid 2012 DA14 in record-breaking Earth pass |work=BBC News |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=February 15, 2013 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-21442863 |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217085054/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-21442863 |archive-date=February 17, 2018}}</ref> The asteroid was not visible to the unaided eye. This was the first sub-lunar close passage of an object discovered during a previous passage, and was thus the first to be predicted well in advance.<ref name="Duende-predict">{{cite news |first1=Paul |last1=Chodas |first2=Jon |last2=Giorgini |first3=Don |last3=Yeomans |name-list-style=amp |title=Near-Earth Asteroid {{mp|2012 DA|14}} to Miss Earth on February 15, 2013 |date=March 6, 2012 |work=News |publisher=NASA/JPL CNEOS |url=https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news174.html |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222113153/https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news174.html |archive-date=December 22, 2017}}</ref>

{{wide image|File:Objects_between_earth_and_moon.jpg|2250px|Diagram showing spacecraft and asteroids (past and future) between the Earth and the Moon}}

==== Earth-grazers ====

Some small asteroids that enter the upper atmosphere of Earth at a shallow angle remain intact and leave the atmosphere again, continuing on a solar orbit. During the passage through the atmosphere, due to the burning of its surface, such an object can be observed as an [[Earth-grazing fireball]].

On August 10, 1972, a meteor that became known as the [[1972 Great Daylight Fireball]] was witnessed by many people and even filmed as it moved north over the [[Rocky Mountains]] from the U.S. Southwest to Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7M8LQ7_hWtE |title=Grand Teton Meteor (video) |work=[[YouTube]] |date=10 November 2007 |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214110154/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7M8LQ7_hWtE |archive-date=February 14, 2017}}</ref> It passed within {{convert|58|km|mi|abbr=on}} of the Earth's surface.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Z. |last=Ceplecha |title=Earth-grazing daylight fireball of August 10, 1972 |date=March 1994 |journal=[[Astronomy & Astrophysics]] |volume=283 |issue=1 |pages=287−288 |bibcode=1994A&A...283..287C}}</ref>

On October 13, 1990, [[Earth-grazing meteoroid of 13 October 1990|Earth-grazing meteoroid EN131090]] was observed above Czechoslovakia and Poland, moving at {{convert|41.74|km/s|mi/s|abbr=on}} along a {{convert|409|km|mi|adj=on|abbr=on}} trajectory from south to north. The closest approach to the Earth was {{convert|98.67|km|mi|abbr=on}} above the surface. It was captured by two all-sky cameras of the [[European Fireball Network]], which for the first time enabled geometric calculations of the orbit of such a body.<ref name="AA">{{cite journal |last1=Borovička |first1=J. |last2=Ceplecha |first2=Z. |title=Earth-grazing fireball of October 13, 1990 |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=257 |issue=1 |pages=323–328 |date=April 1992 |bibcode=1992A&A...257..323B |issn=0004-6361}}</ref>

==== Impacts ====
{{main|Impact event}}
{{see also|List of predicted asteroid impacts on Earth|List of bolides}}

When a near-Earth object impacts Earth, objects up to a few tens of metres across ordinarily explode in the [[Mesosphere|upper atmosphere]] (most of them harmlessly), with most or all of the solids [[Evaporation|vaporized]] and only small amounts of meteorites arriving to the Earth surface. Larger objects, by contrast, hit the water surface, forming [[tsunami]] waves, or the solid surface, forming [[impact crater]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chapman |first1= Clark R. |last2=Morrison |first2= David |name-list-style=amp |title=Impacts on the Earth by asteroids and comets: Assessing the hazard |journal=Nature |volume=367 |issue=6458 |pages=33–40 |date=January 6, 1994 |bibcode=1994Natur.367...33C |doi=10.1038/367033a0|s2cid=4305299 |url=https://zenodo.org/records/1233151/files/article.pdf |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702165419/https://zenodo.org/records/1233151/files/article.pdf |archive-date=July 2, 2024}}</ref>

The frequency of impacts of objects of various sizes is estimated on the basis of orbit simulations of NEO populations, the frequency of impact craters on the Earth and the Moon, and the frequency of close encounters.<ref name="Collins2005">{{cite journal |last1=Collins |first1=Gareth S. |last2=Melosh |first2=H. Jay |last3=Marcus |first3=Robert A. |title=Earth Impact Effects Program: A Web-based computer program for calculating the regional environmental consequences of a meteoroid impact on Earth |journal=[[Meteoritics & Planetary Science]] |volume=40 |number=6 |pages=817–840 |date=June 2005 |doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.2005.tb00157.x |url=https://impact.ese.ic.ac.uk/ImpactEarth/ImpactEffects/effects.pdf |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217213340/https://impact.ese.ic.ac.uk/ImpactEarth/ImpactEffects/effects.pdf |archive-date=December 17, 2024 |bibcode=2005M&PS...40..817C |hdl=10044/1/11554 |s2cid=13891988 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Asher2005">{{cite journal |last1=Asher |first1=D. J. |last2=Bailey |first2=M. |last3=Emel'Yanenko |first3=V. |last4=Napier |first4=W. |title=Earth in the Cosmic Shooting Gallery |journal=[[The Observatory (journal)|The Observatory]] |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=319–322 |date=October 2005 |bibcode=2005Obs...125..319A}}</ref> The study of impact craters indicates that impact frequency has been more or less steady for the past 3.5&nbsp;billion years, which requires a steady replenishment of the NEO population from the [[asteroid main belt]].<ref name="MorbidelliAstIII"/> One impact model based on widely accepted NEO population models estimates the average time between the impact of two stony asteroids with a diameter of at least {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} at about one year; for asteroids {{convert|7|m|ft|abbr=on}} across (which impacts with as much energy as the atomic bomb dropped on [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|Hiroshima]], approximately 15 kilotonnes of TNT) at five years, for asteroids {{convert|60|m|ft|abbr=on}} across (an impact energy of 10 [[megatons]], comparable to the [[Tunguska event]] in 1908) at 1,300 years, for asteroids {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} across at 440 thousand years, and for asteroids {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} across at 18 million years.<ref name="Earth-impact"/> Some other models estimate similar impact frequencies,<ref name="MorbidelliAstIII"/> while others calculate higher frequencies.<ref name="Asher2005"/> For Tunguska-sized (10 megaton) impacts, the estimates range from one event every 2,000–3,000 years to one event every 300 years.<ref name="Asher2005"/>

{{wide image|SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg|600px|align-cap=center|Location and impact energy of small asteroids impacting Earth's atmosphere}}

The second-largest observed event after the Tunguska meteor was a 1.1 megaton air blast in 1963 near the [[Prince Edward Islands]] between South Africa and Antarctica. However, this event was detected only by [[infrasound]] sensors,<ref name="David_spacecom"/><ref name=silber>{{cite journal |first1=Elizabeth A. |last1=Silber |first2=Douglas O. |last2=Revelle |first3=Peter G. |last3=Brown |first4=Wayne N. |last4=Edwards |title=An estimate of the terrestrial influx of large meteoroids from infrasonic measurements |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |volume=114 |issue=E8 |year=2009 |doi=10.1029/2009JE003334 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2009JGRE..114.8006S}}</ref> which led to speculation that this may have been a [[nuclear test]].<ref name=Allen>{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Robert S. |title=Antarctic Explosion Could Have Been Nuclear Detonation |journal=[[The San Bernardino Sun]] |issue=4 December |year=1963 |at=p. 40 col. f |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SBS19631204.1.40&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1}}</ref> The third-largest, but by far best-observed impact, was the [[Chelyabinsk meteor]] of 15 February 2013. A previously unknown {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} asteroid exploded above this Russian city with an equivalent blast yield of 400–500 kilotons.<ref name="David_spacecom">{{cite news |first=Leonard |last=David |title=Russian fireball explosion shows meteor risk greater than thought |date=November 1, 2013 |work=Space.com |url=http://www.space.com/23423-russian-fireball-meteor-airburst-risk.html |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819031019/https://www.space.com/23423-russian-fireball-meteor-airburst-risk.html |archive-date=August 19, 2017}}</ref> The calculated orbit of the pre-impact asteroid is similar to that of Apollo asteroid {{mpl|2011 EO|40}}, making the latter the meteor's possible parent body.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Reconstructing the Chelyabinsk event: Pre-impact orbital evolution |first1=C. |last1=de&nbsp;la&nbsp;Fuente Marcos |first2=R. |last2=de&nbsp;la&nbsp;Fuente Marcos |date=September 1, 2014 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters |volume=443 |issue=1 |pages=L39–L43 |arxiv=1405.7202 |bibcode=2014MNRAS.443L..39D |doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slu078 |doi-access=free |s2cid=118417667}}</ref>

[[File:Sar2667 as it entered Earth's atmosphere over the north of France.jpg|thumb|Seven hours after discovery, {{mpl|2023 CX|1}} burns up as a meteor over northern France]]
On October 7, 2008, 20 hours after it was first observed and 11 hours after its trajectory has been calculated and announced, {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} asteroid {{mpl|2008 TC|3}} blew up {{convert|37|km|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} above the [[Nubian Desert]] in Sudan. It was the first time that an asteroid was observed and its impact was predicted prior to its entry into the atmosphere as a [[meteor]]. 10.7&nbsp;kg of meteorites were recovered after the impact.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shaddad |first1=Muawia H. |display-authors=etal |title=The recovery of asteroid {{mp|2008 TC|3}} |journal=Meteoritics & Planetary Science |volume=45 |issue=10–11 |pages=1557–1589 |date=October 2010 |doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.2010.01116.x |bibcode=2010M&PS...45.1557S |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{As of|2024|12}}, eleven impacts have been predicted, all of them small bodies that produced meteor explosions,<ref>{{Cite news |first=Brett |last=Tingley |title=Tiny asteroid detected hours before hitting Earth to become 4th 'imminent impactor' of 2024 |date=December 3, 2024 |work=Space.com |url=https://www.space.com/the-universe/asteroids/tiny-asteroid-detected-hours-before-hitting-earth-to-become-4th-imminent-impactor-of-2024 |access-date=December 31, 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220093823/https://www.space.com/the-universe/asteroids/tiny-asteroid-detected-hours-before-hitting-earth-to-become-4th-imminent-impactor-of-2024 |archive-date=December 20, 2024}}</ref> with some impacts in remote areas only detected by the [[Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization]]'s [[Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization#International Monitoring System (IMS)|International Monitoring System (IMS)]], a network of infrasound sensors designed to detect the detonation of nuclear devices.<ref name="S&T140102">{{cite news |first1=Kelly |last1=Beatty |title=Small asteroid 2014&nbsp;AA hits Earth |magazine=[[Sky & Telescope]] |date=January 2, 2014 |url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/small-asteroid-2014-aa-hitsearth/ |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725072341/https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/small-asteroid-2014-aa-hitsearth/ |archive-date=July 25, 2024}}</ref> [[Asteroid impact prediction]] remains in its infancy and successfully predicted asteroid impacts are rare. The vast majority of impacts recorded by IMS are not predicted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fireballs. Fireball and Bolide Data |date=December 20, 2024 |publisher=NASA/JPL |url=http://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/fireballs/ |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101175038/http://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/fireballs/ |archive-date=January 1, 2025}}</ref>

Observed impacts aren't restricted to the surface and atmosphere of Earth. Dust-sized NEOs have impacted man-made spacecraft, including the space probe [[Long Duration Exposure Facility]], which collected [[interplanetary dust cloud|interplanetary dust]] in low Earth orbit for six years from 1984.<ref name="Rubin2010"/> Impacts on the Moon can be observed as flashes of light with a typical duration of a fraction of a second.<ref name="NASA-lunar-impacts"/> The first lunar impacts were recorded during the 1999 Leonid storm.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Rubio |first1=Luis R. Bellot |last2=Ortiz |first2=Jose L. |last3=Sada |first3=Pedro V. |title=Observation and Interpretation of Meteoroid Impact Flashes on the Moon |editor1-last=Jenniskens |editor1-first=P. |editor2-last=Rietmeijer |editor2-first=F. |editor3-last=Brosch |editor3-first=N. |editor4-last=Fonda |editor4-first=M. |display-editors=1 |encyclopedia=Leonid Storm Research |publisher=Springer |location=Dordrecht |year=2000 |pages=575–598 |isbn=978-90-481-5624-5 |doi=10.1007/978-94-017-2071-7_42 |bibcode=2000lsr..book..575B |s2cid=118392496}}</ref> Subsequently, several continuous monitoring programs were launched.<ref name="NASA-lunar-impacts">{{cite web |title=Lunar Impact Monitoring Program |publisher=NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/meteoroid-environment-office/about-lunar-impact-monitoring/ |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127144250/https://www.nasa.gov/meteoroid-environment-office/about-lunar-impact-monitoring/ |archive-date=January 27, 2024}}</ref><ref name="2013-lunar-impact"/><ref name="ESA-lunar-impacts">{{cite web |title=About the NELIOTA project |publisher=ESA |url=https://neliota.astro.noa.gr/About/Project |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307162344/https://neliota.astro.noa.gr/About/Project?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 |archive-date=March 7, 2024}}</ref> A lunar impact that was observed on September 11, 2013, lasted 8 seconds, was likely caused by an object {{convert|0.6–1.4|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter,<ref name="2013-lunar-impact">{{cite news |first=Michele |last=Catanzaro |title=Largest lunar impact caught by astronomers |date=February 24, 2014 |journal=Nature |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2014.14773 |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004133116/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2014.14773 |archive-date=October 4, 2021}}</ref> and created a new crater {{convert|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} across, was the largest ever observed {{as of|lc=y|2019|07}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=MIDAS: Moon Impacts Detection and Analysis System. Main Results |work=Meteoroides.NET |url=http://www.meteoroides.net/e_midas_results.html |access-date=January 2, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307162029/http://www.meteoroides.net/e_midas_results.html |archive-date=March 7, 2024}}</ref>