Editing Near-field communication (section)

== History ==
NFC is rooted in [[radio-frequency identification]] technology (known as RFID) which allows compatible hardware to both supply power to and communicate with an otherwise unpowered and passive electronic tag using radio waves. This is used for identification, authentication and [[asset tracking|tracking]]. Similar ideas in advertising and industrial applications were not generally successful commercially, outpaced by technologies such as [[QR Code|QR codes]], [[barcode]]s and [[Ultra high frequency|UHF]] [[Rfid|RFID]] tags.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
* May 17, 1983: The first patent to be associated with the abbreviation "[[RFID]]" was granted to [[Charles Walton (inventor)|Charles Walton]].<ref>{{cite patent |country=United States |number=4384288 |status=Expired |title=Portable radio frequency emitting identifier |pubdate= |gdate=May 17, 1983 |fdate=December 31, 1980 |pridate= |inventor=Charles A. Walton |invent1= |invent2= |assign1= |assign2= |class= |url=https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/46/83/72/641c3c743d0c02/US4384288.pdf}} {{retrieved|access-date=22 October 2024}}</ref>
* 1997: Early form patented and first used in ''[[Star Wars]]'' character toys for [[Hasbro]]. The patent was originally held by Andrew White and Marc Borrett at Innovision Research and Technology. The device allowed data communication between two units in close proximity.<ref name="Patent WO9723060">{{cite web|title=Apparatus for bidirectional data and unidirectional power transmission between master and slave units using inductive coupling|url=https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO1997023060|access-date=1 May 2015|date=26 June 1997|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084031/https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO1997023060|url-status=live}}</ref>
* March 25, 2002: [[Philips]] and [[Sony]] agreed to establish a technology specification and created a technical outline.<ref name=SonyPhilipsNFCAnnouncement>{{cite web|title=Philips and Sony announce strategic cooperation to define next generation near field radio-frequency communications|url=http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press_Archive/200209/02-0905E/|publisher=Sony Global|access-date=17 September 2013|date=5 September 2002|archive-date=20 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420144438/http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press_Archive/200209/02-0905E/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Philips Semiconductors]] applied for the six fundamental patents of NFC, invented by the Austrian and French engineers Franz Amtmann and Philippe Maugars who received the [[European Inventor Award#2015|European Inventor Award]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |language=fr-FR |publisher=01net.com |title=Philippe Maugars : le père français du NFC sacré inventeur européen de l'année |url=https://www.01net.com/actualites/philippe-maugars-le-pere-francais-du-nfc-sacre-inventeur-europeen-de-lannee-657540.html |date=12 June 2015 |access-date=28 June 2020 |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629234418/https://www.01net.com/actualites/philippe-maugars-le-pere-francais-du-nfc-sacre-inventeur-europeen-de-lannee-657540.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 
* December 8, 2003: NFC was approved as an [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]/[[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] standard and later as an [[European Computer Manufacturers Association|ECMA]] standard.
* 2004: Nokia, Philips and Sony established the NFC Forum<ref name=NFCFounded>{{cite web|title=Nokia, Philips and Sony established the Near Field Communication (NFC) Forum|url=http://www.nfc-forum.org/news/pr/view?item_key=d8968a33b4812e2509e5b74247d1366dc8ef91d8|publisher=NFC Forum|access-date=14 June 2011|date=18 March 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628203003/http://www.nfc-forum.org/news/pr/view?item_key=d8968a33b4812e2509e5b74247d1366dc8ef91d8|archive-date=28 June 2011}}</ref>
* 2004: Nokia launched NFC shell add-on for [[Nokia 5140]] and later [[Nokia 3220]] models, to be shipped in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.i4u.com/6930/rfid-nokia-nfc-shell-nokia-3220-phone|title=RFID: Nokia NFC shell for Nokia 3220 Phone|website=I4U News|language=en|access-date=2019-10-24|archive-date=2019-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203015843/https://www.i4u.com/6930/rfid-nokia-nfc-shell-nokia-3220-phone|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.windows.com/devices/2012/04/11/nokias-nfc-phone-history/|title=Nokia's NFC phone history|date=2012-04-11|website=Microsoft Devices Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-24|archive-date=2021-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308085011/https://blogs.windows.com/devices/2012/04/11/nokias-nfc-phone-history/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2005: Mobile phone experimentations in transports, with payment in May in [[Hanau]] (Nokia) and as well validation aboard in October in [[Nice]] with [[Orange S.A.|Orange]] and payment in shops in October in [[Caen]] ([[Samsung]]) with first reception of "Fly Tag" informations<ref>{{cite web |language=fr-FR |publisher=01net.com |title=A Hanau, le portable-ticket de bus joue au juste prix |url=https://www.01net.com/actualites/a-hanau-le-portable-ticket-de-bus-joue-au-juste-prix-276000.html |date=2 May 2005 |access-date=28 June 2020 |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629113035/https://www.01net.com/actualites/a-hanau-le-portable-ticket-de-bus-joue-au-juste-prix-276000.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr-FR |publisher=01net.com |title=Caen, la ville où l'on paye et s'informe en sortant son portable |url=https://www.01net.com/actualites/caen-la-ville-ou-lon-paye-et-sinforme-en-sortant-son-portable-292660.html |date=20 October 2005 |access-date=28 June 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627220830/https://www.01net.com/actualites/caen-la-ville-ou-lon-paye-et-sinforme-en-sortant-son-portable-292660.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr-FR |publisher=banquedesterritoires.fr |title=Télécoms – La révolution mobile sans contact arrive en 2008 |url=https://www.banquedesterritoires.fr/la-revolution-mobile-sans-contact-arrive-en-2008 |date=21 December 2007 |access-date=27 June 2020 |archive-date=30 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630023310/https://www.banquedesterritoires.fr/la-revolution-mobile-sans-contact-arrive-en-2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> 
* 2006: Initial specifications for NFC Tags<ref name=TagSpecs>{{ cite news|title=NFC Forum Unveils Technology Architecture And Announces Initial Specifications And Mandatory Tag Format Support|url=http://www.nfc-forum.org/news/pr/view?item_key=0b210bbd23e9c1a07cb3d975e6317d1d650ed51f|access-date=14 June 2011|date=5 June 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927172012/http://www.nfc-forum.org/news/pr/view?item_key=0b210bbd23e9c1a07cb3d975e6317d1d650ed51f|archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref>
* 2006: Specification for "SmartPoster" records<ref name=SmartPosterSpecs>{{cite web|title=NFC Forum Publishes Specification For "SmartPoster" Records|url=http://www.nfc-forum.org/news/pr/view?item_key=d58874aa69a4e57f7ce2314af283a41b372833e7|access-date=14 June 2011|date=5 October 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927172019/http://www.nfc-forum.org/news/pr/view?item_key=d58874aa69a4e57f7ce2314af283a41b372833e7|archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref>
* 2007: Innovision's NFC tags used in the first consumer trial in the UK, in the [[Nokia 6131]] handset.<ref name=Nokia6131NFC>{{cite news|title=Nokia 6131 NFC|url=http://www.secureidnews.com/news-item/innovisions-topaz-nfc-tags-are-being-used-in-o2s-first-near-field-communication-consumer-trial/#sthash.s2m5BbD1.dpuf|access-date=1 May 2015|date=28 November 2007|archive-date=27 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027012302/http://www.secureidnews.com/news-item/innovisions-topaz-nfc-tags-are-being-used-in-o2s-first-near-field-communication-consumer-trial/#sthash.s2m5BbD1.dpuf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2008: [[AirTag (company)|AirTag]] launched what it called the first NFC SDK.<ref>{{cite news |title=NFC Kit Launched to Spur Application Development |url=https://www.rfidjournal.com/nfc-kit-launched-to-spur-application-development |access-date=25 April 2020 |work=RFID Update |publisher=RFID Journal |date=1 October 2008 |language=en |quote=AIRTAG claims it's kit is the first, but Nokia and Turkish firm Alvin Systems are also known to have released NFC SDKs |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428120907/https://www.rfidjournal.com/nfc-kit-launched-to-spur-application-development |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2009: In January, NFC Forum released Peer-to-Peer standards to transfer contacts, [[URLs]], initiate [[Bluetooth]], etc.<ref name=Peer-to-peer>{{ cite news|title=NFC Forum Announces Two New Specifications to Foster Device Interoperability and Peer-to-Peer Device Communication|url=http://www.nfc-forum.org/news/pr/view?item_key=088d874025e1049cd9c772ea508f4630ebf079b8|access-date=14 June 2011|date=19 May 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927172100/http://www.nfc-forum.org/news/pr/view?item_key=088d874025e1049cd9c772ea508f4630ebf079b8|archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref>
* 2009: NFC first used in transports by [[China Unicom]] and Yucheng Transportation Card in the tramways and bus of [[Chongqing]] on 19 January 2009,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=nfcw.com |title=Mobile and transit operators launch NFC payments system in Chongqing |url=https://www.nfcw.com/2009/01/19/3577/mobile-and-transit-operators-launch-nfc-payments-system-in-chongqing/ |date=19 January 2019 |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303174513/https://www.nfcw.com/2009/01/19/3577/mobile-and-transit-operators-launch-nfc-payments-system-in-chongqing/ |url-status=live }}</ref> then implemented for the first time in a metro network, by China Unicom in [[Beijing]] on 31 December 2010.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=nfcw.com |title=China Unicom launches commercial NFC service in Beijing |url=https://www.nfcw.com/2011/01/05/35551/china-unicom-launches-commercial-nfc-service-in-beijing/ |date=5 January 2011 |access-date=2 August 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809202513/https://www.nfcw.com/2011/01/05/35551/china-unicom-launches-commercial-nfc-service-in-beijing/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*2010: Innovision released a suite of designs and patents for low cost, mass-market mobile phones and other devices.<ref name=Innovision>{{cite news |title=InnovisionNFC |url=http://www.nfcworld.com/2010/06/04/33826/innovision-unveils-next-generation-nfc-phone-technology/ |access-date=1 May 2015 |author=Sarah Clark |date=4 June 2010 |website=www.nfcworld.com |archive-date=14 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114183851/http://www.nfcworld.com/2010/06/04/33826/innovision-unveils-next-generation-nfc-phone-technology/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2010: [[Nokia C7]]: First NFC-capable smartphone released.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hindy |first1=Joe |title=Android Authority's big book of smartphone firsts! |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/smartphone-firsts-946979/ |access-date=26 April 2020 |work=Android Authority |date=20 June 2019 |language=en |quote=NFC (2006-2010): The first mobile phone with NFC was the Nokia 6131 in 2006, but the 2010 Nokia C7-00 was the first smartphone with it. |archive-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425115623/https://www.androidauthority.com/smartphone-firsts-946979/ |url-status=live }}</ref> NFC feature was enabled by software update in early 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.knowyourmobile.com/uncategorized/nokia-c7-features-nfc/|title=The Nokia NFC features an NFC embedded in it, meaning if activated, you'll be able to make mobile payments|date=2010-10-21|website=Know Your Mobile|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-10-24|archive-date=2019-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024084731/https://www.knowyourmobile.com/uncategorized/nokia-c7-features-nfc/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2010: [[Samsung]] [[Nexus S]]: First [[Android (operating system)|Android]] NFC phone shown<ref name=NexusS>{{ cite news|title=Video: Google CEO talks Android, Gingerbread, and Chrome OS|url=http://blogs.computerworld.com/17368/google_android_gingerbread_chrome_os|access-date=14 June 2011|newspaper=Computerworld|date=16 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220546/http://blogs.computerworld.com/17368/google_android_gingerbread_chrome_os|archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Gingerbread feature: Near Field Communication|url=http://www.androidcentral.com/gingerbread-feature-near-field-communication|access-date=15 June 2011|newspaper=Android Central|date=21 December 2010|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061351/http://www.androidcentral.com/gingerbread-feature-near-field-communication|url-status=live}}</ref>
* May 21, 2010: [[Nice, France]], launches, with "Cityzi", the "Nice City of contactless mobile" project, the first in Europe to provide inhabitants with NFC bank cards and mobile phones (like Samsung Player One S5230), and a "bouquet of services" covering transportation (tramways and bus), tourism and student's services<ref>{{cite web |language=fr-FR |publisher=01net.com |title=Nice, première ville à passer au paiement sans contact |url=https://www.01net.com/actualites/nice-premiere-ville-a-passer-au-paiement-sans-contact-516923.html |date=21 May 2010 |access-date=26 June 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728200804/https://www.01net.com/actualites/nice-premiere-ville-a-passer-au-paiement-sans-contact-516923.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr-FR |publisher=nfcw.com |title=NFC city pilot to go live in Nice on 21 May under 'Cityzi' banner |url=https://www.nfcw.com/tag/cityzi/page/2/ |date=14 May 2010 |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=19 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719022251/https://www.nfcw.com/tag/cityzi/page/2/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="orange"/> 
* 2011: Google I/O "How to NFC" demonstrates NFC to initiate a game and to share a contact, URL, app or video.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pelly|first=Nick|title=How to NFC|url=https://www.google.com/events/io/2011/sessions/how-to-nfc.html|access-date=14 June 2011|date=10 May 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103002146/http://www.google.com/events/io/2011/sessions/how-to-nfc.html|archive-date=3 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> 
* 2011: NFC support becomes part of the [[Symbian]] [[mobile operating system]] with the release of Symbian Anna version.<ref name=NFCworldNokiaC7Anna>{{cite news|last=Clark|first=Sarah|title=Nokia releases Symbian Anna NFC update|url=http://www.nfcworld.com/2011/08/18/39164/nokia-releases-symbian-anna-nfc-update/|access-date=31 August 2011|date=18 August 2011|archive-date=13 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213002624/http://www.nfcworld.com/2011/08/18/39164/nokia-releases-symbian-anna-nfc-update/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2011: [[Research In Motion]] devices are the first ones certified by [[MasterCard]] Worldwide for their [[PayPass]] service<ref name="penfold2011">{{cite news | url=http://mobilemarketingmagazine.com/content/rim-scores-mastercard-nfc-certification |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020193816/http://mobilemarketingmagazine.com/rim-scores-mastercard-nfc-certification/|archive-date=20 October 2014 | title=RIM Scores MasterCard NFC Certification | work=Mobile Marketing | location=London | publisher=Dot Media | date=27 October 2011 | author=Penfold, Andy }}</ref>
* 2012: UK restaurant chain [[Eat (restaurant)|EAT.]] and Everything Everywhere ([[Orange S.A.|Orange]] Mobile Network Operator), partner on the UK's first nationwide NFC-enabled smartposter campaign. A dedicated mobile phone app is triggered when the NFC-enabled mobile phone comes into contact with the smartposter.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://shop9.orange.co.uk/quick-tap-treats | title=Orange&mdash;Quick Tap Treats | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 March 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310053505/http://shop9.orange.co.uk/quick-tap-treats }} ''Note: images from the site did not archive properly.''</ref>
* 2012: Sony introduced NFC "Smart Tags" to change modes and profiles on a Sony smartphone at close range, included with the [[Sony Xperia P]] Smartphone released the same year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-57359901-1/sonys-smarttags-could-change-phone-habits/|title=Sony's SmartTags could change phone habits|website=cnet.com|date=January 16, 2012|access-date=June 13, 2012|archive-date=July 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722064436/http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-57359901-1/sonys-smarttags-could-change-phone-habits/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2013: Samsung and [[Visa Inc.|VISA]] announce their partnership to develop mobile payments.
* 2013: [[IBM]] scientists, in an effort to curb fraud and security breaches, develop an NFC-based mobile authentication security technology. This technology works on similar principles to [[dual-factor authentication]] security.<ref>{{cite web|title=Two-factor security for mobile transactions|url=http://www.zurich.ibm.com/news/13/two_factor_security.html|publisher=IBM|date=18 October 2013|access-date=28 September 2014|archive-date=20 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223005/http://www.zurich.ibm.com/news/13/two_factor_security.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* October 2014: Dinube becomes the first non-card payment network <ref>{{Cite web|last=López|first=Juan Carlos|date=2014-12-11|title=Estas son las alternativas a Apple Pay que merece la pena que tengas en cuenta|url=https://www.xatakamovil.com/movil-y-sociedad/pagar-con-el-movil-en-espana-esta-es-la-realidad|access-date=2021-03-20|website=Xataka Móvil|language=es|archive-date=2021-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410141234/https://www.xatakamovil.com/movil-y-sociedad/pagar-con-el-movil-en-espana-esta-es-la-realidad|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-06-18|title=Newcomer Dinube offers NFC-based alternative to payment cards|url=https://www.mobileworldlive.com/money/news-money/newcomer-dinube-offers-nfc-based-alternative-payment-cards|access-date=2021-03-20|website=Mobile World Live|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023224900/https://www.mobileworldlive.com/money/news-money/newcomer-dinube-offers-nfc-based-alternative-payment-cards|url-status=live}}</ref> to introduce NFC contactless payments natively on a mobile device, i.e. no need for an external case attached or NFC 'sticker' nor for a card. Based on [[Host card emulation]] with its own ''application identifier'' (AID),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Complete list of Registered Application Provider Identifiers (RID)|url=https://www.eftlab.com.au/knowledge-base/212-emv-rid/|access-date=2021-04-29|website=EFTLab|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429123108/https://www.eftlab.com.au/knowledge-base/212-emv-rid/|url-status=live}}</ref> contactless payment was available on [[Android KitKat]] upwards and commercial release commenced in June 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-06-23|title=Spanish supermarket chain Bonpreu rolls out mobile payments to 170 stores • NFCW|url=https://www.nfcw.com/2015/06/23/336140/spanish-supermarket-chain-bonpreu-rolls-out-mobile-payments-to-170-stores/|access-date=2021-04-29|website=NFCW|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429115212/https://www.nfcw.com/2015/06/23/336140/spanish-supermarket-chain-bonpreu-rolls-out-mobile-payments-to-170-stores/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2014: [[AT&T]], [[Verizon]] and [[T-Mobile International AG|T-Mobile]] released [[Softcard]] (formerly ISIS mobile wallet). It runs on NFC-enabled Android phones and [[iPhone 4]] and [[iPhone 5]] when an external NFC case is attached. The technology was purchased by [[Google]] and the service ended on March 31, 2015. 
* September 2015: Google's [[Android Pay]] function was launched, a direct rival to Apple Pay, and its roll-out across the US commenced.<ref>{{cite web|website=TechCrunch|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/09/10/android-pay-googles-apple-pay-rival-goes-live/|title=Android Pay, Google's Apple Pay Rival, Arrives Today|date=10 September 2015|access-date=5 October 2023}}</ref>
* November 2015: [[Swatch]] and Visa Inc. announced a partnership to enable NFC financial transactions using the "Swatch Bellamy" wristwatch. The system is currently online in Asia, through a partnership with [[China UnionPay]] and Bank of Communications. The partnership will bring the technology to the US, Brazil, and Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web|first1=John|last1=Biggs|website=TechCrunch|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/11/30/swatch-is-teaming-with-visa-to-offer-payments-from-your-wrist/|title=Swatch Is Teaming With Visa To Offer Payments From Your Wrist|date=November 30, 2015|access-date=June 25, 2017|archive-date=July 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704234549/https://techcrunch.com/2015/11/30/swatch-is-teaming-with-visa-to-offer-payments-from-your-wrist/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Ultra-wideband]] (UWB) another radio technology has been hailed as a future possible alternatives to NFC technology due to further distances of data transmission, as well as Bluetooth and wireless technology.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jain|first=Garima|date=August 2015|title=NFC: Advantages, limits and future scope|url=http://airccse.org/journal/ijci/papers/4415ijci01.pdf|journal=International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics |volume=4|issue=4|pages=12|via=AIRCC Publishing Corporation|access-date=2021-03-10|archive-date=2021-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802071452/https://airccse.org/journal/ijci/papers/4415ijci01.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>