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Neurulation
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=== Shape change === As neurulation proceeds after induction, the cells of the neural plate become [[high-columnar]] and can be identified through microscopy as different from the surrounding presumptive epithelial ectoderm ([[epiblast|epiblastic endoderm]] in amniotes). The cells move laterally and away from the central axis and change into a truncated pyramid shape. This pyramid shape is achieved through [[tubulin]] and [[actin]] in the apical portion of the cell which constricts as they move. The variation in cell shapes is partially determined by the location of the nucleus within the cell, causing bulging in areas of the cells forcing the height and shape of the cell to change. This process is known as [[apical constriction]].<ref>Burnside. M. B. Microrubules and microfilaments in amphibian neurulation. Alii. Zool. 13, 989-1006 1973</ref><ref>Jacobson, A.G. & R. Gordon. Changes in the shape of the developing vertebrate nervous system analyzed experimentally, mathematically and by computer simulation. J. Exp. Zool. 197, 191-246. 1973</ref> The result is a flattening of the differentiating neural plate which is particularly obvious in salamanders when the previously round gastrula becomes a rounded ball with a flat top.<ref>Bordzilovskaya, N.P., T.A. Dettlaff, S.T. Duhon & G.M. Malacinski (1989). Developmental-stage series of axolotl embryos [Erratum: Staging Table 19-1 is for 20Β°C, not 29Β°C]. In: J.B. Armstrong & G.M. Malacinski (eds.), Developmental Biology of the Axolotl, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 201-219.</ref> See [[Neural plate]].
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