Editing Niagara Movement (section)

===Founders===
The 29 founders who traveled to the inaugural meeting of the Niagara Movement came from 14 states, and became known as "The Original Twenty-nine":<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-i0404 |title="Niagara Movement, 'The Original Twenty-Nine', 1905", W. E. B. Du Bois Papers (Series 17. Photographs &#91;IMAGE depicts 27 of 29 founders&#93;), Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved October 12, 2019. |access-date=October 12, 2019 |archive-date=October 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012201843/http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-i0404 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Jones/> 
# [[James Robert Lincoln Diggs]] – College president; pastor; ninth African American to receive a doctorate in the United States
# Dr. Henry Lewis "H. L." Bailey (January 17, 1866 – July 16, 1933) – Teacher and medical doctor.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wko6P5M3QbAC&pg=PA15 |title=''Biographical Dictionary of American Physicians of African Ancestry, 1800-1920'', by Geraldine Rhoades Beckford, Africana Homestead Legacy, 2013, page 15. Retrieved February 11, 2020. |isbn=9781937622183 |access-date=February 11, 2020 |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806180847/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wko6P5M3QbAC&pg=PA15 |url-status=live |last1=Beckford |first1=Geraldine Rhoades |date=March 2013 |publisher=Africana Homestead Legacy Pb }}</ref>
# William Justin "W. Justin" Carter, Sr. (May 28, 1866 – March 23, 1947)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.geocities.ws/pchittams/CARTER.html |title=Evening News'' obituary, March 26, 1947 via Geocities.'' |access-date=February 11, 2020 |archive-date=August 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804111209/http://www.geocities.ws/pchittams/CARTER.html |url-status=live }}</ref> – Pennsylvania lawyer; civil right activist; scholar; early NAACP member<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wIJ8se7mTMUC&pg=PA17 |title=Race, Social Science and the Crisis of Manhood, 1890-1970: We are the Supermen |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415517430 |access-date=October 12, 2019 |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806171227/https://books.google.com/books?id=wIJ8se7mTMUC&pg=PA17 |url-status=live |last1=Lindquist |first1=Malinda A. |year=2012 }}</ref>
# William Henry "W. H." Scott (June 15, 1848 – June 27, 1910)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://findingaids.library.emory.edu/documents/scott1082/printable/ |title=SCOTT, WILLIAM H. (WILLIAM HENRY), 1848-1910. William H. Scott family papers, 1848-1982, Emory University Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, archived 2012, page 2. Retrieved February 11, 2020. |access-date=February 11, 2020 |archive-date=October 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002022905/http://findingaids.library.emory.edu/documents/scott1082/printable/ |url-status=live }}</ref> – Born to slavery, soldier, teacher, bookseller, Baptist pastor, activist, founder of Massachusetts Racial Protective League and the [[National Independent Political League]]<ref name=Jones>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mxCKaX-SUJMC&pg=PA229 |title=''African American Civil Rights: Early Activism and the Niagara Movement'', by Angela Jones, Praeger, ABC-CLIO, 2011, page 229. Retrieved February 11, 2020. |isbn=9780313393600 |access-date=February 11, 2020 |archive-date=June 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613152352/https://books.google.com/books?id=mxCKaX-SUJMC&pg=PA229 |url-status=live |last1=Jones |first1=Angela |date=31 August 2011 |publisher=Abc-Clio }}</ref>
# Isaac F. "I.F." Bradley, Sr. (1862 – 1938) – Assistant county attorney, [[Wyandotte County]]; [[justice of the peace]]; judge; publisher and editor of ''[[The Wyandotte Echo]]'' (1930 – 1938);<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.law.ku.edu/student-life/early-black-graduates-exemplify-how-diversity-makes-us-better/ |title="Early black graduates exemplify how diversity makes us better", by Aaron Holmes, "KU Law Blog", University of Kansas School of Law, March 3, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2020. |date=3 March 2017 |access-date=February 19, 2020 |archive-date=February 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219202015/http://blog.law.ku.edu/student-life/early-black-graduates-exemplify-how-diversity-makes-us-better/ |url-status=live }}</ref> father of Isaac F. Bradley, Jr., who was assistant [[attorney general]] for [[Kansas]] (1937-39)<ref name=Emancipation>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lOIjQUG4aoC&pg=PA519 ''Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806071314/https://books.google.com/books?id=1lOIjQUG4aoC&pg=PA519&lpg=PA519 |date=2020-08-06 }}, 1844-1944, by J. Clay Smith, Jr. (1885 – 1975), [[University of Pennsylvania]] Press, 1999, page 519.</ref>
# [[Alonzo Herndon|Alonzo F. Herndon]] – Born to slavery; entrepreneur; one of the first African-American millionaires in the United States
# William Henry "W. H." Richards (January 15, 1856 – 1941) – Lawyer and law professor; secured funding from [[United States Congress|Congress]], with [[William Henry Harrison Hart]], for first law school building at [[Howard University]]; activist; alderman; mayor;<ref name=Jones/>''William H. Richards: A remarkable life of a remarkable man'', was a biography by [[Julia B. Nelson]], published about 1900<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9534691 |title=''William H. Richards : a remarkable life of a remarkable man'', by Julia B. Nelson, Murray Bros. Press. |oclc=9534691 |access-date=2020-02-26 |archive-date=2020-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226170521/https://www.worldcat.org/title/william-h-richards-a-remarkable-life-of-a-remarkable-man/oclc/9534691 |url-status=live }}</ref>
# Brown Sylvester "B. S." Smith – Kansas City lawyer and City Councillor,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=U_EZDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA336 ''The Battle for the Souls of Black Folk: W.E.B. Du Bois, Booker T. Washington, and the Debate That Shaped the Course of Civil Rights''] Thomas Aiello, ABC-CLIO, 2016, page 336. Retrieved February 25, 2022.</ref> activist. Born to parents who were born into slavery; orphaned young.<ref name=Jones/>
# [[Fredrick McGhee|Frederick L. McGhee]][[Image:W.E. Burghardt DuBois.JPG|thumb|right|upright|[[W. E. B. Du Bois]], 1903 portrait]]
# [[William Monroe Trotter]]
# Garnett Russell "G.R." Waller (February 17, 1857 – March 7, 1941) – Shoemaker; pastor<ref name=Jones/> 
# Harvey A. Thompson — H. A. Thompson (July 24, 1863 – ), [[Columbus, Ohio]] native; [[Fisk University]], [[LeMoyne–Owen College|Le Moyne College]] and [[Meharry Medical College]] alumni; Ninth United States Cavalry (1883 – 1888); adjutant and first lieutenant of the [[370th Infantry Regiment (United States)|Eighth Illinois]] (1894); Chicago political and business figure; clerkship at the central police station; married Frances Gowins<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA77 |title=The "Eighth Illinois" |publisher=Blakely Printing |page=77 |access-date=2021-02-07 |archive-date=2021-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214093334/https://books.google.ca/books?id=mXgtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA77&lpg=PA77 |url-status=live |last1=Goode |first1=W. T. |year=1899 }}</ref><ref name=Jones/> 
# [[William Henry Harrison Hart]] — Born to a white slave trader; jailed activist; secured funding from [[United States Congress|Congress]], with W. H. Richards, for first law school building at [[Howard University]]; law professor; worked for [[United States Treasury]], [[United States Department of Agriculture]]; assistant [[librarian of Congress]]; first black lawyer appointed as special [[U.S. District Attorney]] for the [[District of Columbia]]
# [[Lafayette M. Hershaw]]
# [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] – Co-founder of the [[NAACP]]
# [[Charles Edwin Bentley|Charles E. Bentley]]
# [[Clement G. Morgan]]
# [[Freeman H. M. Murray]]
# [[Jesse Max Barber|J. Max Barber]][[File:HC Smith.png|thumb|right|[[Harry Clay Smith|H. C. Smith]], ''[[Men of Mark]]'' sketch.]]<ref name="Men of Mark">[https://archive.org/stream/menmarkeminentp00turngoog#page/n214/mode/2up ''Men of mark; eminent, progressive and rising''] by Rev. [[William J. Simmons (teacher)|Wm. J. Simmons]], Geo. R. Rewell & Co., Ohio, 1887, page 194.</ref>
# [[George Frazier Miller]] (November 28, 1864 – May 9, 1943) — rector of St. Augustine's Episcopal Church, Brooklyn; socialist; civil rights activist<ref name=Jones/>
# George Henry "G. H." Woodson (December 15, 1865 – July 7, 1933)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uipress.lib.uiowa.edu/bdi/DetailsPage.aspx?id=417 |title="Woodson, George Henry ", ''THE BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF IOWA'', University of Iowa Press Digital Editions. Retrieved February 3, 2021. |access-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-date=September 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921154315/http://uipress.lib.uiowa.edu/bdi/DetailsPage.aspx?id=417 |url-status=live }}</ref> — Criminal trial attorney, born to newly [[Slavery in the United States|emancipated slaves]]; founder and president of both the Iowa Negro Bar Association in 1901 and — subsequent to being denied membership in the [[American Bar Association]] (along with [[Gertrude Rush]], S. Joe Brown, James B. Morris, and Charles P. Howard, Sr.) — the National Negro Bar Association, in 1925, which became the [[National Bar Association]] (NBA), of which he also served as president ''emeritus''; [[Calvin Coolidge|President Coolidge]] appointed Woodson chairman of the first all-Negro commission ever sent overseas, with a mandate to investigate the economic conditions of the Virgin Islands (illustrated report available from the U. S. department of labor archives)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7097&context=annals-of-iowa |title="The Des Moines Negro and His Contribution to American Life", by Lawrence C. Howard, ''The Annals of Iowa'', Volume 30, Number 3 (Winter 1950), pages 211-221, State Historical Society of Iowa. Retrieved February 3, 2021. |access-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-date=August 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822185005/https://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7097&context=annals-of-iowa |url-status=dead }}</ref>
# James S. Madden — Bookkeeper; activist; desegregationist; worked to establish the Chicago branch of the Niagara Movement with [[Charles Edwin Bentley|Charles E. Bentley]]; [[Provident Hospital (Chicago)|Provident Hospital]] trustee; assisted in the founding of the Equal Opportunity League<ref name=Jones/> 
# [[Harry Clay Smith|Henry C. Smith]] – Musician, composer; civil rights activist; Ohio deputy oil inspector; co-founder and editor of ''[[The Cleveland Gazette]]''<ref name="Men of Mark"/>
# Emery T. "E.T." Morris (1849 - 1924)<ref name=CambridgeUSA>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cambridgeusa.org/listing/emery-t.-morris |title="Emery T. Morris", ''Cambridge.usa'', The Cambridge Office for Tourism. Retrieved February 17, 2021 |access-date=February 17, 2021 |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126183933/https://www.cambridgeusa.org/listing/emery-t.-morris |url-status=live }}</ref> — Massachusetts deputy sealer of weights and measures;<ref name=Jones/> druggist; rail porter; stationary steam engineer; lay teacher who created extensive antislavery libraries in New England;<ref name=CambridgeUSA/> founder of the [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] branch of the Movement<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wbur.org/artery/2017/10/16/tufts-boston-black-history-trail |title="Tufts Project Maps The Landmarks Of Black Boston", by Alexa Vazquez, ''The Artery'', Tufts University, October 16, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2021 |date=16 October 2017 |access-date=February 22, 2021 |archive-date=December 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212110050/https://www.wbur.org/artery/2017/10/16/tufts-boston-black-history-trail |url-status=live }}</ref>
# Richard Hill (October 12, 1864 – ) – Native of [[Nashville, Tennessee]]; teacher and city schools supervisor; insurance and real estate entrepreneur; served as NM Secretary for Tennessee; father of civil rights activist and lawyer Richard Hill, Jr.<ref name=Jones/> 
# [[Robert H. Bonner]] – [[Beverly, Massachusetts]] artist; [[Yale University]] alumni; Colored Yale Quartette singer; lawyer;<ref name=Jones/> long associated the [[James Monroe Trotter|Trotter]] family<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SwOLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PG118 |title=''Black Radical: The Life and Times of William Monroe Trotter'', by Kerri K. Greenidge, Liveright Publishing, 2019, page 118. Retrieved February 25, 2021. |isbn=9781631495359 |access-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-date=December 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203192340/https://books.google.ca/books?id=SwOLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PG118 |url-status=live |last1=Greenidge |first1=Kerri K. |date=19 November 2019 |publisher=Liveright }}</ref>
# [[Byron Gunner]] (July 4, 1857 – February 9, 1922)<ref name=Jones/> – Congregational minister; president of the [[National Equal Rights League]]; later a strong ally of William Monroe Trotter; Rhode Island Niagara Movement secretary; father of playwright [[Mary Frances Gunner]] 
# Edwin Bush "E.B." Jourdain — Boston lawyer; hosted "the [[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]] Annex for Boston Radicals";<ref name=Jones/><ref>[https://www.baystatebanner.com/2013/02/13/boston-radicals-found-a-home-in-new-bedford-2/ "Boston radicals found a home in New Bedford", by Ted Langston Chase, February 13, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2021.]</ref> father of journalist, activist and first black alderman of [[Evanston, Illinois]] Edwin B. Jourdain, Jr.<ref>[https://dailynorthwestern.com/2020/07/19/city/house-of-edwin-b-jourdain-jr-citys-first-black-alderman-designated-new-african-american-heritage-site/ "House of Edwin B. Jourdain Jr., city’s first black alderman, designated new African American heritage site", by Jacob Fulton] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721203418/https://dailynorthwestern.com/2020/07/19/city/house-of-edwin-b-jourdain-jr-citys-first-black-alderman-designated-new-african-american-heritage-site/ |date=2020-07-21 }}, ''[[The Daily Northwestern]]'', July 19, 2020. Retrieved March 2, 2021.</ref>
# George W. Mitchell – [[Washington, DC]] attorney; [[Howard University]] Latin and Greek professor; Pennsylvania NM secretary;<ref name=Jones/> father of lawyer and real estate investor George Henry Mitchell<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzoTAAAAYAAJ&q=281 |title="History of the American Negro and His Institutions", Arthur Bunyan Caldwell, Editor, A. B. Caldwell Publishing Company, 1921, page 281. |access-date=2021-03-02 |archive-date=2021-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203192341/https://books.google.com/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=tzoTAAAAYAAJ&q=Mitchell#v=snippet&q=281&f=false |url-status=live |last1=Caldwell |first1=Arthur Bunyan |year=1921 }}</ref>