Editing Nicotine (section)

===Pesticide===
Nicotine has been used as an [[insecticide]] since at least 1690, in the form of tobacco extracts or as pure nicotine sulphate<ref name="Ujvary" /><ref name=neonic_mechanisms>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tomizawa M, Casida JE | title = Neonicotinoid insecticide toxicology: mechanisms of selective action | journal = Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology | volume = 45 | pages = 247–68 | date = 2005 | pmid = 15822177 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095930 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The chemical components of tobacco and tobacco smoke |vauthors=Rodgman A, Perfetti TA |publisher=CRC Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4200-7883-1 |place=Boca Raton, FL |lccn=2008018913}}{{page needed|date=December 2013}}</ref> (although other components of tobacco also seem to have pesticide effects).<ref name=modern_pesticide>{{cite web |title=Tobacco and its evil cousin nicotine are good as a pesticide – American Chemical Society |url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/presspacs/2010/acs-presspac-october-27-2010/tobacco-and-its-evil-cousin-nicotine-are-good-as-a-pesticide.html |website=American Chemical Society |access-date=29 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref> It acts on the [[nicotinic acetylcholine receptor]], and gave the receptor its name. Nicotine is in [[Insecticide Resistance Action Committee#Table of modes of action and classes of insecticide|IRAC]] group 4B. Nicotine insecticides have been banned in the US since 2014,<ref name=epacancel2>{{cite journal|author=USEPA|title=Nicotine; Product Cancellation Order|journal=Federal Register|pages=26695–26696|url=https://federalregister.gov/a/E9-12561|date=3 June 2009|access-date=8 April 2012}}</ref> including use on organic crops,<ref name=prohibited_dust>US Code of Federal Regulations. [https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/7/205.602 7 CFR 205.602 – Nonsynthetic substances prohibited for use in organic crop production]</ref> and caution is recommended for small gardeners.<ref name="homemade_pesticide">{{cite web | vauthors = Tharp C |title=Safety for Homemade Remedies for Pest Control |url=http://www.pesticides.montana.edu/documents/mt-pesticide-bulletins/2009_05_MPB.pdf |website=Montana Pesticide Bulletin |publisher=Montana State University |access-date=21 September 2020 |date=5 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905021334/http://www.pesticides.montana.edu/news/Bulletins/MT%20Pest%20Bulletin-May.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2014 }}</ref> Nicotine pesticides have been banned in the EU since 2009.<ref name=pesticide_contam/> Foods are imported from countries in which nicotine pesticides are allowed, such as China, but foods may not exceed maximum nicotine levels.<ref name=pesticide_contam>{{cite journal | vauthors = Michalski B, Herrmann M, Solecki R | title = [How does a pesticide residue turn into a contaminant?] | language = de | journal = Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz | volume = 60 | issue = 7 | pages = 768–773 | date = July 2017 | pmid = 28508955 | doi = 10.1007/s00103-017-2556-3| s2cid = 22662492 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=European Food Safety Authority|title=Potential risks for public health due to the presence of nicotine in wild mushrooms |journal=EFSA Journal |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=286r |doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2009.286r |date=7 May 2009|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Neonicotinoids]], such as [[imidacloprid]], which are derived from and structurally similar to nicotine, are widely used as agricultural and veterinary pesticides as of 2016.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Abreu-Villaça Y, Levin ED | title = Developmental neurotoxicity of succeeding generations of insecticides | journal = Environment International | volume = 99 | pages = 55–77 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 27908457 | pmc = 5285268 | doi = 10.1016/j.envint.2016.11.019 | bibcode = 2017EnInt..99...55A }}</ref><ref name=neonic_mechanisms/>