Editing Nosema apis (section)

==Transmission==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2016}}

Newly emerged bees are always free from infection. Spores must be swallowed by a bee for the infection to be initiated. The most common modes of transmission are [[Fecal–oral route|fecal-oral]] and oral-oral, and it has been suggested that ''Nosema'' can be transmitted sexually in [[honey bee]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cois.2018.02.017 |pmid=29764655 |title=Effects of the gut parasite Nosema ceranae on honey bee physiology and behavior |journal=Current Opinion in Insect Science |volume=26 |pages=149–154 |year=2018 |last1=Paris |first1=Laurianne |last2=El Alaoui |first2=Hicham |last3=Delbac |first3=Frédéric |last4=Diogon |first4=Marie |bibcode=2018COIS...26..149P }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/srep10982 |pmid=26123939 |pmc=4485198 |title=The cost of promiscuity: Sexual transmission of Nosema microsporidian parasites in polyandrous honey bees |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=5 |pages=10982 |year=2015 |last1=Roberts |first1=K. E. |last2=Evison |first2=S. E. F. |last3=Baer |first3=B. |last4=Hughes |first4=W. O. H. |bibcode=2015NatSR...510982R }}</ref> Spores germinate quickly after entering the insect, and the [[epithelial cell]]s of the ventriculus are infected when the [[vegetative stage]] is introduced by way of the hollow [[polar filament]]. Once inside a cell, the vegetative stage increases in size and multiplies, effecting an apparent concurrent reduction of [[RNA synthesis]] in the [[host cell]]. In six to 10 days, the infected host epithelial cells become filled with new spores. Epithelial cells are normally shed into the ventriculus where they burst – releasing [[digestive enzyme]]s. When infected cells are shed similarly, they release 30–50 million infective spores when they burst.