Editing Nurture (section)

== Cultural Neuroscience ==
[[Normative social influence|Normative peer influence]] is particularly salient in the adolescent years, in which people are most sensitive to social scrutiny and acceptance, so must gauge who to use social information from.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hofmans |first1=Lieke |last2=van den Bos |first2=Wouter |date=2022-12-01 |title=Social learning across adolescence: A Bayesian neurocognitive perspective |journal=Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience |volume=58 |pages=101151 |doi=10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101151 |issn=1878-9293 |pmc=9526184 |pmid=36183664}}</ref> The resulting reward-oriented social behaviour demonstrates that locally adaptive traits can shape our trajectories.

Cultural neuroscience therefore investigates how cultural environments affect brain function and development, demonstrating the psychological impact of nurture in various societies. These cultural differences can manifest through emotional expression, which can contribute to variation in our experiences of emotion. Evidence from a sample of young adults from China and the United States (Immordino-Yang et al., 2016) revealed a cultural difference in that the Americans typically showed greater magnitudes of emotional expression. This correlated to differential activation of neural mechanisms in the construction of emotions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Immordino-Yang |first1=Mary Helen |last2=Yang |first2=Xiao-Fei |last3=Damasio |first3=Hanna |date=October 2016 |title=Cultural modes of expressing emotions influence how emotions are experienced. |journal=Emotion |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |pages=1033–1039 |doi=10.1037/emo0000201 |issn=1931-1516 |pmc=5042821 |pmid=27270077}}</ref>

Cultural nurture also categories our thinking styles and display rules, which vary across societies. Individualist societies, such as the United States, stress independence and self-expression, whereas collectivist cultures, including Japan, highlight the importance of community and obedience.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matsumoto |first=David |date=1990-09-01 |title=Cultural similarities and differences in display rules |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/bf00995569 |journal=Motivation and Emotion |language=en |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=195–214 |doi=10.1007/BF00995569 |issn=1573-6644|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Research around responses to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] (Xiao, 2021) showed those with a vertical collectivist orientation, which emphasises group harmony, expressed a greater willingness to comply with health guidance, alluding to the role of nurture from wider society in shaping our psychology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xiao |first=Wen S. |date=2021-10-28 |title=The Role of Collectivism–Individualism in Attitudes Toward Compliance and Psychological Responses During the COVID-19 Pandemic |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |language=English |volume=12 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2021.600826 |doi-access=free |issn=1664-1078 |pmc=8581252 |pmid=34777076}}</ref>