Editing Out-of-order execution (section)

=== Precise exceptions ===
To have [[precise exception]]s, the proper in-order state of the program's execution must be available upon an exception. By 1985 various approaches were developed as described by [[James E. Smith (engineer)|James E. Smith]] and Andrew R. Pleszkun.<ref name="smith">{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=James E. |last2=Pleszkun |first2=Andrew R. |author1-link=James E. Smith (engineer) |title=Implementation of precise interrupts in pipelined processors |journal=12th ISCA|date=June 1985 |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/epdf/10.5555/327010.327125}}<br/>(Expanded version published in May 1988 as [https://www.cs.virginia.edu/~evans/greatworks/smith.pdf ''Implementing Precise Interrupts in Pipelined Processors''].)</ref> The [[CDC Cyber 205]] was a precursor, as upon a virtual memory interrupt the entire state of the processor (including the information on the partially executed instructions) is saved into an ''invisible exchange package'', so that it can resume at the same state of execution.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Moudgill |first1=Mayan |last2=Vassiliadis |first2=Stamatis |title=On Precise Interrupts |page=18 |date=January 1996 |citeseerx=10.1.1.33.3304 |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.33.3304&rep=rep1&type=pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013035408/https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.33.3304&rep=rep1&type=pdf |archive-date=13 October 2022 |format=pdf}}</ref> However to make all exceptions precise, there has to be a way to cancel the effects of instructions. The CDC Cyber 990 (1984) implements precise interrupts by using a history buffer, which holds the old (overwritten) values of registers that are restored when an exception necessitates the reverting of instructions.<ref name="smith"/> Through simulation, Smith determined that adding a reorder buffer (or history buffer or equivalent) to the [[Cray-1S]] would reduce the performance of executing the first 14 [[Livermore loops]] (unvectorized) by only 3%.<ref name="smith"/> Important academic research in this subject was led by [[Yale Patt]] with his [[HPSm]] simulator.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=17391 |title=HPSm, a high performance restricted data flow architecture having minimal functionality |work=ISCA '86 Proceedings of the 13th annual international symposium on Computer architecture |isbn=978-0-8186-0719-6 |pages=297–306 |date=1986 |access-date=2013-12-06 |author-first1=W. |author-last1=Hwu |author-first2=Yale N. |author-last2=Patt |author-link2=Yale Patt |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]]}}</ref>

In the 1980s many early [[RISC]] microprocessors, like the [[Motorola 88100]], had out-of-order writeback to the registers, resulting in imprecise exceptions. Instructions started execution in order, but some (e.g. floating-point) took more cycles to complete execution. However, the single-cycle execution of the most basic instructions greatly reduced the scope of the problem compared to the CDC 6600.