Editing PAVE PAWS (section)

== Background ==
[[File:Pave Paws Radar Screen.jpg|thumb|left|upright|1986 operator and AN/FPS-115 console.]]
Fixed-reflector radars with mechanically-scanned beams such as the 1955 GE [[AN/FPS-17]] Fixed Ground Radar and 1961 RCA [[AN/FPS-50]] Radar Set were deployed for missile tracking, and the USAF tests of modified [[AN/FPS-35]] mechanical radars at Virginia and Pennsylvania [[SAGE radar stations]] had "marginal ability" to detect [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station|Cape Canaveral]] missiles in summer 1962.<ref name=Winkler1997/> A [[Falling Leaves (radar network)|Falling Leaves]] mechanical radar in New Jersey built for BMEWS successfully tracked a missile during the October 1962 [[Cuban Missile Crisis]], and "an [[AN/FPS-85]] long-range [[phased array]] ([[Passive electronically scanned array]]) radar was constructed at [[Eglin AFB]]"<ref name=Winkler1997/> [[Eglin AFB Site C-6|Site C-6, Florida]]<ref name=Peterson>{{cite web|title=20th Space Control Squadron |url=https://www.petersonschriever.spaceforce.mil/?id=4730 |access-date=21 February 2011  |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228181903/http://www.peterson.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=4730 |archive-date=28 December 2010}}</ref> beginning on 29 October 1962<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/spp/military/program/nssrm/initiatives/eglin.htm |title=National Security Space Road Map – Eglin |website=Federation of American Scientists  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409000635/https://fas.org/spp/military/program/nssrm/initiatives/eglin.htm |archive-date=9 April 2015}}</ref> (the [[Bendix Corporation|Bendix Radio Division]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675069283_Spacetrack-Radar_Eglin-Air-Force-Base_construction-at-base_men-at-work |title= Bendix workers at work during construction of a 13-storey structure for the AN/FPS-85 radar at Eglin AFB, United States |publisher= US Air Force via criticalpast.com |year= 1965 |quote=A man surveying and aligning each member on the [http://www.gettyimages.in/detail/video/workers-create-the-framework-of-the-radar-including-news-footage/145580691 45DG scanner face] with delicate optical equipment. }}</ref> FPS-85 contract had been signed 2 April 1962).<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.northcom.mil/Portals/28/Documents/Supporting%20documents/%28U%29%201962%20NORAD%20CONAD%20History%20Jan-Jun.pdf |title= NORAD Historical Summary January-June 1962 |date= 1 November 1962 }}</ref> Early military phased array radars were also deployed for testing: Bendix AN/FPS-46 Electronically Steerable Array Radar (ESAR){{r|SmithByrd}} at Towson, MD<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675069282_Spacetrack-Radar_Eglin-Air-Force-Base_functioning-of-radar_array-antenna |title= Animation shows the functioning and working of the AN/FPS-85 Spacetrack Radar in Florida, United States. |publisher= US Air Force via criticalpast.com |year= 1965 }}</ref> (powered up in November 1960),<ref name=FPS85>{{cite web |url= http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/an-fps-85.htm |title= AN/FPS-85 Spacetrack Radar |website= globalsecurity.org |access-date= 23 May 2015 }}</ref> [[White Sands Launch Complex 38#Aftermath|White Sands']] Multi-function Array Radar (1963), and the [[Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site|Kwajalein]] Missile Site Radar (1967).<ref>{{cite journal |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_gYAAAAAMBAJ&q=Kwajalein+Missile+Site+Radar&pg=PA23 |title= US Secretary of Defense Testifies |journal= [[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]] |page= 23 |date= June 1967 |volume= 23 |number= 6 |issn= 0096-3402|bibcode= 1967BuAtS..23f..21. |doi= 10.1080/00963402.1967.11455087 |url-access= subscription }}</ref>

=== Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile Detection and Warning System ===
The Avco 474N Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM) Detection and Warning System (SLBMD&W System){{r|MiS}} was deployed as "an austere…interim line-of-sight system" after approval in July 1965{{r|NORAD1966}} to modify some [[Air Defense Command]] (ADC) Avco AN/FPS-26 Frequency Diversity Radars into Avco AN/FSS-7 SLBM Detection Radars.  The 474N sites planned for 1968 also were to include [[AN/GSQ-89]] data processing equipment (for synthesizing tracks from radar returns), as well as site communications equipment that NORAD requested on 10 May 1965 to allow "dual full period dedicated data circuits" to the Cheyenne Mountain 425L System, which was "fully operational" on 20 April 1966.{{r|NORAD1966}} ([[Cheyenne Mountain Complex]] relayed 474N data to "[[Strategic Air Command|SAC]], the [[National Military Command Center]], and the [[Raven Rock Mountain Complex|Alternate NMCC]] over BMEWS circuits",<ref name="NORAD1965B">{{cite web |title= NORAD Historical Summary (July-December 1965) |url= http://www.northcom.mil/Portals/28/Documents/Supporting%20documents/%28U%29%201965%20NORAD%20CONAD%20History%20Jul-Dec.pdf |date= 1 May 1966 |quote=The Spacetrack radar at Moorestown and the cooperating radar at Trinidad were not to be closed until the FPS-85 at Eglin AFB proved its operational capability. … By 20 October, U.S. -U.K. agreement had been reached to let the U.K. Operations Centre pass BMEWS warning data to [[Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers in Europe|SHAPE]]. … Satellite Reconnaissance Advance Notice (SATRAN), was developed jointly by [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]], the [[Foreign Technology Division]], and NORAD. …commanders would be able to plot the track of a satellite over their areas and take defensive action, such as dispersal, camouflage, etc.}}</ref> for presentation by Display Information Processors—impact ellipses and "threat summary display" with a count of incoming missiles<ref>{{cite news |date=26 November 1964 |title=NORAD Center Located at Colorado Springs Site |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_ERlAAAAIBAJ&pg=4226%2C3522073 |format=Google news archive |newspaper=The Othello Outlook |page=3 |access-date=9 March 2014}}</ref> and "Minutes Until First Impact" countdown).<ref>{{cite news |newspaper= The Age |date= 17 June 1964 |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19640617&id=2qYUAAAAIBAJ&pg=5546,2720521 |title= The Doomsday Men |first= Andrew |last= Wilson }}</ref>

By December 1965 NORAD decided to use the [[Project Space Track]] "phased-array radar at [[Eglin AFB]]…for SLBM surveillance on an "on-call" basis"<ref name=NORAD1966A>{{cite web |title= NORAD Historical Summary January – December 1966 |url= http://www.northcom.mil/Portals/28/Documents/Supporting%20documents/%28U%29%201966%20NORAD-CONAD%20History.pdf |publisher= US Air Force |date= 1 May 1967 |quote=AN/GSQ-89 (SLBM Detection and Warning System) … On 31 July 1964, NORAD concurred with the main conclusions of the study. NORAD recommended to USAF that funds for an austere interim system… DDR&E approved the interim line-of-sight system concept on 5 November 1964 and made $20.2 million available for development. The SLBM Contractor Selection Board, with NORAD representation, recommended the selection of the AVCO Corporation.  In July 1965, DDR&E approved AVCO's plan to modify FPS-26 height finder radars at six sites and to install one at Laredo AFB, Texas (Laredo would then be designated site Z-230). … The modified radars were to be termed AN/FSS-7's and the system was to be designated the AN/GSQ-89.}}</ref>  "at the appropriate [[DEFCON]]".<ref>{{cite book|last=Leonard |first=Barry |year=2009 |title=History of Strategic Air and Ballistic Missile Defense |url= http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/bmd/BMDV2.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100608103023/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/bmd/BMDV2.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-date= 8 June 2010 |volume=II, 1955–1972 |publisher=Center for Military History|location=Fort McNair, DC|isbn= 978-1-4379-2131-1 |access-date= 23 May 2015 }}</ref> By June 1966 the refined FPS-85 plan was for it "to have the capability to operate in the SLBM mode {{sic|simultaneously}} [interlaced transmissions] with the <nowiki />[[Project Space Track|Spacetrack]] surveillance and tracking modes"{{r|NORAD1966}}  Rebuilding of the "separate faces for transmitting and receiving" began in 1967{{r|HAER}} after the under-construction Eglin FPS-85 was "almost totally destroyed by fire on 5 January 1965".{{r|NORAD1964B}} FPS-85 IOC was in 1969,{{r|UPH}}  474N interim operations began in July 1970 (474N IOC was 5 May 1972),{{r|MiS}} and in 1972 20% of Eglin FPS-85 "surveillance capability…became dedicated to search for SLBMs,"<ref>Jane's Radar and Electronic Systems, 6th edition, Bernard Blake, ed. (1994), p. 31</ref> and new SLBM software was installed in 1975.{{r|FPS85}} (the FPS-85 was expanded in 1974).{{r|HAER}}

The [[Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex]] with North Dakota phased arrays (four-face Missile Site Radar and single-face [[General Electric|GE]] Perimeter Acquisition Radar, PAR) became operational in 1975 as part of the [[Safeguard Program]] for defending against enemy ballistic missiles.