Editing Participatory design (section)

=== Fourth Order Design ===
Similarly, another perspective comes from Golsby-Smith's "Fourth Order Design" which outlines a design process in which end-user participation is required and favours individual process over outcome.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Golsby-Smith |first=Tony |date=1996 |title=Fourth Order Design: A Practical Perspective |url=https://www.tribalmind.co/S3/tribalmind-live/Discoveries/J5rwalOILkmXmg0VOkA7dg.pdf |journal=Design Issues |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=5–25 |doi=10.2307/1511742 |jstor=1511742 }}</ref> Buchanan's definition of culture as a verb is a key part of Golsby-Smith's argument in favour of fourth order design.<ref name=":1" /> In Buchanan's words, "Culture is not a state, expressed in an ideology or a body of doctrines. It is an activity. Culture is the activity of ordering, disordering and reordering in the search for understanding and for values which guide action."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buchanan |first=Richard |date=1988 |title=Branzi's Dilemma: Design in Contemporary Culture |url=https://www.ida.liu.se/~steho87/und/viskult/468816.pdf |journal=Design Issues |pages=10–29}}</ref> Therefore, to design for the fourth-order one must design within the widest scope. The system is discussion and the focus falls onto process rather than outcome.<ref name=":1" /> The idea that culture and people are an integral part of participatory design is supported by the idea that a "key feature of the field is that it involves people or communities: it is not merely a mental place or a series of processes".<ref name=":1" /> "Just as a product is not only a thing, but exists within a series of connected processes, so these processes do not live in a vacuum, but move through a field of less tangible factors such as values, beliefs and the wider context of other contingent processes."<ref name=":1" />