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Patrick Michaels
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==Advocacy== ===Expert witness for Western Fuels Association=== In May 1994 [[Richard Lindzen]], Michaels, and [[Robert Balling]] served as expert witnesses on behalf of [[Western Fuels Association]] in St. Paul, Minnesota to determine the environmental cost of coal burning by state power plants.<ref name=harpers1995>{{cite magazine |title=The Heat is On:The warming of the world's climate sparks a blaze of denial |first=Ross |last=Gelbspan |magazine=Harper's Magazine |date=December 1995 |url=http://dieoff.org/page82.htm |access-date=April 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927012514/http://dieoff.org/page82.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Western Fuels Association is a consortium of coal producers that uses collective advocacy to represent industry interests.<ref name=whatWFA> {{cite web |url=http://www.westernfuels.org/what-we-do |title=What we do |publisher=Western Fuels Association }}</ref> ===World Climate Report, Greening Earth Society, and Western Fuels Association=== The [[World Climate Report]], a newsletter edited by Michaels was first published by the [[Greening Earth Society]]. The society was a [[public relations]] organization associated with the [[Western Fuels Association]] (WFA), an association of coal-burning utility companies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greeningearthsociety.org/ |title=Scientific Advisers |access-date=May 30, 2019 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981205034857/http://www.greeningearthsociety.org/ |archive-date=December 5, 1998 }}, Greening Earth Society, website archived from December 1998.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://greeningearthsociety.org/ |title=Scientific Advisers |access-date=May 30, 2019 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010925234237/http://greeningearthsociety.org/ |archive-date=September 25, 2001 }}, Greening Earth Society, website archived from September 2001.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Energy-Debate-Heats-Up-2709569.php|title=Energy Debate Heats Up|last=Norr|first=Henry|date=August 14, 2000|newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|access-date=May 30, 2019}}</ref> It has been called a "front group created by the coal industry"<ref>{{cite web|first=John|last=Stauber|url=https://www.prwatch.org/spin/2001/08/609/coal-industry-front-group-spouts-hot-air|title=Coal Industry Front Group Spouts Hot Air|date=August 9, 2001|website=PR Watch|language=en|access-date=May 30, 2019}}</ref> and an "industry front".<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Appell |first=David |url=http://archive.salon.com/books/review/2001/07/02/murray/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422232352/http://archive.salon.com/books/review/2001/07/02/murray/index.html |title=Salon.com Books {{!}} "It Ain't Necessarily So" by David Murray, et al. |date=July 2, 2001 |archive-date=April 22, 2009 |website=Salon.com |access-date=May 30, 2019}}</ref> Fred Palmer, a society staffer, is a registered lobbyist for Peabody Energy, a coal company.<ref>[https://archive.today/20070510102303/http://sopr.senate.gov/cgi-win/m_opr_viewer.exe?DoFn=3 U.S. Lobby Registration and Disclosure Page]</ref> WFA founded the group in 1997, according to an archived version of its website, "as a vehicle for advocacy on climate change, the environmental impact of CO2, and fossil fuel use."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greeningearthsociety.org/join.html |title=Join GES |access-date=March 8, 2005 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050308200600/http://www.greeningearthsociety.org/join.html |archive-date=March 8, 2005 }}, Greening Earth Society website, archived from March 2005.</ref> ===2003 John Holdren=== [[Office of Science and Technology Policy]] director, [[John Holdren]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/experts/140/john_p_holdren.html | access-date=March 31, 2009 | title=John Holdren's bio and publications at Harvard Kennedy School's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs | archive-date=August 1, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110801202346/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/experts/140/john_p_holdren.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> told the [[U.S. Senate]] [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Policy Committee in June 2003, "Michaels is another of the handful of U.S. climate-change contrarians … He has published little if anything of distinction in the professional literature, being noted rather for his shrill op-ed pieces and indiscriminate denunciations of virtually every finding of mainstream climate science."<ref> {{cite web | url=http://stephenschneider.stanford.edu/Publications/PDF_Papers/HoldrenRPCClimateComments.pdf | access-date=March 14, 2007 | date=June 9, 2003 | author=John P. Holdren | title=Comments by John P. Holdren on "The Shaky Science Behind the Climate Change Sense of the Congress Resolution" – US Senate Republican Policy Committee }}</ref> In 2009 Michaels responded in a ''[[Washington Examiner]]'' op-ed, saying that the IPCC had subverted the peer review process, and adding the IPCC had "left out plenty of peer-reviewed science that it found inconveniently disagreeable."<ref> {{cite web |url = http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/columns/OpEd-Contributor/Climate-scientists-subverted-peer-review-8613054-78248872.html |access-date = January 10, 2010 |date = December 2, 2009 |title = Patrick Michaels: Climate scientists subverted peer review |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100521003952/http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/columns/OpEd-Contributor/Climate-scientists-subverted-peer-review-8613054-78248872.html |archive-date = May 21, 2010 }}</ref> ===IPCC=== Michaels was one of hundreds of US reviewers composing the International Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Working Group in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://industrialprogress.com/power-hour-patrick-michaels-on-global-warming-and-the-ipcc/|title=Power Hour: Patrick Michaels on Global Warming and the IPCC|publisher=CIP|accessdate=July 20, 2022}}</ref> Although the Greening Earth Society was generally skeptical of the [[effects of climate change|impact of climate change]], it acknowledged some degree of global warming as real: "Fact #1. The rate of global warming during the past several decades has been about 0.18°C per decade".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greeningearthsociety.org/wca/2004/wca_19d.html |title=Greening Earth Society |access-date=March 15, 2005 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050315081640/http://www.greeningearthsociety.org/wca/2004/wca_19d.html |archive-date=March 15, 2005 }}</ref> Note that the actual increase in the [[global surface temperature]] during the 100 years ending in 2005 was 0.74 ± 0.18 °C.<ref name="grida7a">{{cite web | url= http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-spm.pdf | title=Summary for Policymakers | work=Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | access-date=February 2, 2007 | date=February 5, 2007 | publisher=[[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]|quote=The updated hundred-year linear trend (1906 to 2005) of 0.74 °C [0.56 °C to 0.92 °C] is therefore larger than the corresponding trend for 1901 to 2000 given in the TAR of 0.6 °C [0.4 °C to 0.8 °C].}}</ref> Climate scientist [[Tom Wigley]],<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/prrl/prrl0319.html | title=Leading Climate Scientists Reaffirm View that Late 20th Century Warming Was Unusual and Resulted From Human Activity | publisher=[[American Geophysical Union]] | date=July 7, 2003 | access-date=May 27, 2007 | archive-date=July 13, 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713234906/http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/prrl/prrl0319.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> a lead author of parts of the report of the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]], has stated that "Michaels' statements on the subject of [[global climate model|computer models]] are a catalog of misrepresentation and misinterpretation … Many of the supposedly factual statements made in Michaels' testimony are either inaccurate or are seriously misleading."<ref>{{cite book | title=The Heat is On | publisher=Perseus Books | first=Ross | last=Gelbspan | date=August 1997 | isbn=0-201-13295-8 | author-link=Ross Gelbspan | url=https://archive.org/details/heatisonhighstak00gelb }}</ref>
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