Editing Paul Baran (section)

===Selling the idea===
After the publication of ''On Distributed Communications'', he presented the findings of his team to a number of audiences, including AT&T engineers (not to be confused with Bell Labs engineers, who at the time provided Paul Baran with the specifications for the first generation of T1 circuit that he used as the links in his network design proposal). In subsequent interviews, Baran mentioned how the AT&T engineers scoffed at his idea of non-dedicated physical circuits for voice communications, at times claiming that Baran simply did not understand how voice telecommunication worked.<ref>
{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/epicenter/2011/03/internet-architect-paul-baran-dies-at-84/|title=Internet Architect Paul Baran Dies at 84 |publisher=Wired |date= March 28, 2011|access-date= March 29, 2011|first=John C|last=Abell}}</ref>

[[Donald Davies]], at the [[National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)|National Physical Laboratory]] in the [[United Kingdom]], also thought of the same idea and implemented a trial network.<ref name="NYT-obit" /><ref name="Harvnb|Harris">{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=Trevor, University of Wales |date=2009 |editor-last=Pasadeos |editor-first=Yorgo |title=Who is the Father of the Internet? The Case for Donald Davies |url=https://www.academia.edu/378261 |url-status=dead |journal=Variety in Mass Communication Research |language=en |publisher=ATINER |pages=123–134 |isbn=978-960-6672-46-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502025941/https://www.academia.edu/378261/Who_is_the_Father_of_the_Internet_The_Case_for_Donald_Davies |archive-date=May 2, 2022}}</ref> While Baran used the term "message blocks" for his units of communication, Davies used the term "packets," as it was capable of being translated into languages other than English without compromise.<ref name="Harvnb|Harris"/> He applied the concept to a general-purpose computer network. Davies's key insight came in the realization that computer network traffic was inherently "bursty" with periods of silence, compared with relatively-constant telephone traffic. It was in fact Davies's work on packet switching, not Baran's, that initially caught the attention of the developers of ARPANET at the [[Symposium on Operating Systems Principles]] in October 1967.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Isaacson|first1=Walter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4V9koAEACAAJ&pg=PA237|title=The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution|date=2014|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=9781476708690|page=237}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Metz |first=Cade |date=3 September 2012 |title=What Do the H-Bomb and the Internet Have in Common? Paul Baran |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/09/what-do-the-h-bomb-and-the-internet-have-in-common-paul-baran/ |magazine=WIRED |quote=He was very conscious of people mistaken belief that the work he did at RAND somehow led to the creation of the ARPAnet. It didn't, and he was very honest about that.}}</ref> Baran was happy to acknowledge that Davies had come up with the same idea as him independently. In an e-mail to Davies, he wrote:

{{Blockquote|You and I share a common view of what packet switching is all about, since you and I independently came up with the same ingredients.<ref name="Harvnb|Harris"/>|author=|title=|source=}}

[[Leonard Kleinrock]], a contemporary working on analyzing message flow using [[queueing theory]], developed a theoretical basis for the operation of [[message switching]] networks in his proposal for a Ph.D. thesis in 1961-2, published as a book in 1964.<ref>{{Citation | last = Kleinrock | first = Leonard | author-link = Leonard Kleinrock | title = Information flow in large communication nets | journal = RLE Quarterly Progress Report | issue =1 | year = 1961 }}</ref> In the early 1970s, he applied this theory to model the performance of packet switching networks. However, the representation of Kleinrock's early work as originating the concept of packet switching is disputed by other [[internet pioneers]],<ref>{{citation |title= Comments on Dr. Leonard Kleinrock's claim to be "the Father of Modern Data Networking" |year= 2009 |author= Alex McKenzie |url= http://alexmckenzie.weebly.com/comments-on-kleinrocks-claims.html |access-date= April 23, 2015}}
"...there is nothing in the entire 1964 book that suggests, analyzes, or alludes to the idea of packetization."</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Isaacson|first1=Walter|title=The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution|date=2014|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=9781476708690|page=245|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4V9koAEACAAJ&pg=PA245|quote=This led to an outcry among many of the other Internet pioneers, who publicly attacked Kleinrock and said that his brief mention of breaking messages into smaller pieces did not come close to being a proposal for packet switching}}</ref><ref name="Harvnb|Harris"/><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.inc.com/computerfreaks |title=Computer Freaks |date=June 22, 2023 |last=Haughney Dare-Bryan |first=Christine |type=Podcast |publisher=Inc. Magazine |series=Chapter Two: In the Air}}</ref> including [[Robert Taylor (computer scientist)|Robert Taylor]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Birthing the Internet: Letters From the Delivery Room; Disputing a Claim|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/22/technology/l-birthing-the-internet-letters-from-the-delivery-room-disputing-a-claim-325210.html|access-date=10 September 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=22 November 2001|quote=Authors who have interviewed dozens of Arpanet pioneers know very well that the Kleinrock-Roberts claims are not believed.}}</ref> Baran<ref>{{citation |title= A Paternity Dispute Divides Net Pioneers |newspaper= New York Times|date= November 8, 2001 |author= Katie Hefner |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/08/technology/a-paternity-dispute-divides-net-pioneers.html?pagewanted=all|quote="The Internet is really the work of a thousand people," Mr. Baran said. "And of all the stories about what different people have done, all the pieces fit together. It's just this one little case that seems to be an aberration."}}</ref> and Davies.<ref>{{citation |title= A Historical Study of the Beginnings of Packet Switching |quote="I can find no evidence that he understood the principles of packet switching."|journal= Computer Journal, British Computer Society|year= 2001 |author= Donald Davies |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=152–162 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/44.3.152 |url=http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/3/152.extract|url-access=subscription }}{{dead link|date=May 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
</ref> Baran and Davies are recognized by historians and the U.S. [[National Inventors Hall of Fame]] for independently inventing the concept of digital packet switching used in modern computer networking including the Internet.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/|title=The real story of how the Internet became so vulnerable|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-18|quote=Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=316|title=Inductee Details - Paul Baran|publisher=National Inventors Hall of Fame|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906091231/http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=316|archive-date=6 September 2017|access-date=6 September 2017|postscript=none}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=328|title=Inductee Details - Donald Watts Davies|publisher=National Inventors Hall of Fame|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906091936/http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=328|archive-date=6 September 2017|access-date=6 September 2017}}</ref>

In 1969, when the US [[Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (ARPA) started implementing the idea of an internetworked set of terminals to share computing resources, the reference materials that they considered included Baran and the RAND Corporation's "On Distributed Communications" volumes.<ref name="NYT-obit"/> The resiliency of a packet-switched network that uses [[link-state routing]] protocols, which are used on the [[Internet]], stems in part from the research to develop a network that could survive a nuclear attack.<ref name="NYT-obit" /><ref name="BBC-obit" />