Editing Pazin (section)

==History==
[[File:Pazin, castle museum, Roman grave stone.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Roman gravestone discovered in [[Moncalvo di Pisino]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Italia Epigrafica Digitale |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Italia%2Bepigrafica%2Bdigitale%2BMainardis%2B4.pdf |publisher=[[Sapienza University of Rome]] |page=3460 |date=2017}}</ref>]]
[[File:Roman Bull Pinguente 02.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ancient Rome|Ancient Roman]] tombstone depicting a bull, from the area of [[Pinguente]] (Buzet), 1st century AD]]
[[File:Rocko Polje.jpg|thumb|left|100px|Roman sepulchral stele of Petronio Voltimesi and Ditica Hostila, from Paglie di Rozzo (Ročko Polje)]]
[[File:Pisino 1883 5kr Kü6.jpg|thumb|150px|Austrian KK issue 1883, cancelled ''PISINO'']]{{Npov|date=February 2025}}
Pazin was built in an area rich in history and inhabited since ancient times. The burg surrounding the castle was inhabited since [[prehistory]].<ref name="crs">{{cite book |last1=Visintin |first1=Denis |title=La Contea di Pisino. Cenni di storia economica, sociale e religiosa |date=2016 |publisher=CRS |pages=63–64 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/350949}}</ref> Some of the surrounding rural settlements, such as Glavizza, Beram, which features a [[necropolis]] dating from the 7th to 5th century BC, and the ''[[Castellieri culture|castellieri]]'' of Bertossi, likewise inhabited since prehistoric times, developed into urban centers, while others became burgs around newly built castles, and others still remained rural villages.<ref name="crs" /> Just to its southeast lie [[Gračišče]], ''castrum Callinianum'' in Roman times, and [[Pićan]], which was settled by the [[Histri]], and then became a strategically important Roman military settlement under the name ''Petina''. Some historians also link it to ''Pucinium'', an unidentified fortification in central Istria, whose [[wine]] was famous even at the Roman court,<ref name="Central">{{cite web |title=Welcome to the Town of Legends |url=https://www.central-istria.com/en/pican |website=www.central-istria.com}}</ref> with [[Livia]], wife of [[Augustus|Emperor Augustus]], believing that her longevity was due to it.<ref name="Central" /> Just to the north of Pazin lies [[Draguć]], formerly part of the County of Pazin as well as the Pazin county, which was a Roman fortification, and where numerous Roman archaeological finds were uncovered. The areas of Pazin, Draguć, [[Buzet]] and [[Roč]] ( an important Roman ''castrum'' since the 2nd century BC) are rich in Roman finds.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rebecchi |first1=F. |last2=Ciurletti |first2=G. |last3=Scarfì |first3=B. M. |last4=Verzár Bass |first4=M. |last5=Matijašić |first5=R. |title=VENETIA et HISTRIA |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/venetia-et-histria_%28Enciclopedia-dell%27-Arte-Antica%29/ |publisher=[[Treccani]] |access-date=24 April 2023 |date=1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pinguente - Rozzo - Sovignacco |url=https://www.associazionedellecomunitaistriane.it/le-comunita/pinguenter-rozzo-sovignacco/ |website=www.associazionedellecomunitaistriane.it}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jurkic-Girardi |first1=Vesna |title=Monumenti romani sul territorio di Pinguente e Rozzo |pages=1–38 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/353546}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Buzet Istria |url=http://histrica.com/istria/green/buzet/#:~:text=Buzet%20has%20been%20inhabited%20since,new%20settlements%20of%20population%20began. |website=www.histrica.com |publisher=Histrica}}</ref>

The current settlement of Pazin originated with the houses built around a castle erected by Germanic rulers. These were the houses of the family relatives and feudal settlers, to which were later added those of the foreign [[artisans]], who offered their services to the lords of the castle as well as their employees and subjects.<ref name="ALG" /> Thus a little burg was born, which was greatly developed when Pazin was enfeoffed to the bishops of [[Poreč]] and the town became the capital and center of the County of Pazin. Thus the small burg increased its population, both with commoners and nobles, who embellished it with new buildings, such as the [[hospice]] founded by Giovanni Mosconi, then the captain of Pazin.<ref name="ALG" />

Pazin was first mentioned as ''Castrum Pisinum'' in a 983 deed regarding a donation by Emperor [[Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto II]] to the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Poreč-Pula|Diocese of Poreč]].<ref name ="Naprijed">Naklada Naprijed, ''The Croatian Adriatic Tourist Guide'', pg. 27, Zagreb (1999), {{ISBN|953-178-097-8}}</ref> It then belonged to the Imperial [[March of Istria]], which had originally been under the suzerainty of the newly established [[Duchy of Carinthia]] in 976, but separated together with the [[March of Carniola]] in 1040.

In the 12th century, Mitterburg Castle was in possession of the [[Lower Carniola]]n count Meinhard of Schwarzenburg, who held the office of a [[vogt]] of the Poreč bishops (in Latin documents he is known as ''Cernogradus''), and established the Pazin County (earldom). Upon his death, Pazin was inherited by his son-in-law Count Engelbert III of [[County of Görz|Gorizia]] (Görz) in 1186.

While most of Istria had gradually been annexed by [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], Engelbert's descendant Count Albert III of Gorizia in 1374 bequested his Mitterburg estates to the Austrian [[House of Habsburg]], who attached them to their [[Duchy of Carniola]] and gave it out in fief to various families, the last of which was the comital House of [[Raimondo Montecuccoli|Montecuccoli]]<ref name ="Naprijed"/> from 1766.

[[File:Sueleymanname akinci2.png|thumb|The [[Ottoman Turks|Turks]] invaded Pazin (Pisino) multiple times. In 1467 they struck the heartland of Pazin and Beram (Vermo), with the people of Beram later claiming to have killed a whole band of ''[[Akinji|akindjis]]'' (pictured). In 1501 the Turks encamped near a village in the Pazin heartland, and the place where they encamped became known as ''Monte dei Turchi''.<ref name="L'Istria"/> The last Ottoman incursion in Istria occurred in Pazin in 1511.<ref name="società"/> On this occasion they destroyed the city's castle.<ref name="AlberiLINT"/>]]
Pazin and the surrounding areas were invaded multiple times by the [[Ottoman Turks|Turks]]. These attacks intensified in the 1460s and 1470s.<ref name="Croatian Studies"/> In 1463, Ivan Frankopan devastated Cerovlje and Zarečje before heading to the castle of Pazin. Eventually, however, he did not attack it, heading instead to the less protected Kašćerga and Sovinjak.<ref name="istra.hr">{{cite web |title=Towns and surroundings |url=https://www.istra.hr/en/destinations/pazin |website=istra.hr}}</ref>

In 1476 the Turks struck the heartland of the towns of Pazin and Beram, with the people of Vermo later claiming to have captured and killed all the members of a band of Turkish raiders (''[[Akinji|akindjis]]'').<ref name="Croatian Studies">{{cite book |title=Journal of Croatian Studies v. 31 |date=1990 |publisher=Croatian Academy of America |page=75}}</ref> Both the Turks and the Venetians attacked the town of Draguccio (Draguć), in the ''Pisinese'', and part of the County of Pazin since 1350,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alberi |first1=Dario |title=Istria storia, arte, cultura |date=1997 |publisher=LINT |isbn=9788881900152 |page=779 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dDiAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Draguccio: una strada, due piazze e infinite sorpese |url=https://www.istrianet.org/istria/towns/draguc/05_0115lavoce.htm |website=www.istrianet.org}}</ref> and destroyed the settlement around its castle during Austrian times. After the little town passed to Venice, the [[Uskoks]] and Austrians gave it the same treatment.<ref name="istra.hr"/>

In 1501, the Turks encamped in the vicinity of Lindar.<ref name="istra.hr"/> In the 19th century, the place where they encamped was still known as the ''Monte dei Turchi'' ("Mount of the Turks").<ref name="L'Istria">{{cite book |title=L'Istria v. 7 |date=1852 |page=227 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Tc_AAAAcAAJ}}</ref> The last Ottoman incursion in Istria occurred in Pazin in 1511.<ref name="società">{{cite book |title=Atti e memorie della Società istriana di archeologia e storia patria v.5-6 |date=1889 |publisher=Società istriana di archeologia e storia patria |page=419}}</ref> On this occasion, they destroyed the castle.<ref name="AlberiLINT">{{cite book |last1=Alberi |first1=Dario |title=Istria storia, arte, cultura |date=1997 |publisher=LINT |isbn=9788881900152 |page=965 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dDiAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

[[File:Sic trasit gloria mundi.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Lion of Saint Mark]] inside [[Pazin Castle]]]]
In 1508, during the [[War of the League of Cambrai]], the city was conquered by Venetian forces under [[Bartolomeo d'Alviano]], and annexed by the [[Republic of Venice]].<ref name="LINT">{{cite book |last1=Alberi |first1=Dario |title=Istria - Storia, arte, cultura |date=1997 |publisher=LINT |isbn=9788881900152 |page=84 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dDiAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Marzo Magno |first1=Alessandro |title=La splendida Venezia 1499-1509 |date=2019 |publisher=Editori Laterza |isbn=9788858146255 |page=10 (X)}}</ref> It remained under Venetian rule until 1509.<ref name="Dobrila">{{cite book |last1=Bertoša |first1=Slaven |title=Gli orizzonti mediterranei della famiglia Loredan |publisher=Jurja Dobrila University |location=Pola (Pula) |pages=537–569 |url=https://crsrv.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Slaven-Bertosa-Gli-orizzonti-mediterranei-della-famiglia-veneziana-Loredan.pdf}}</ref> During its time under the ''Serenissima'', Francesco Loredan was the [[castellan]] of the fortress, while Secondo de Cà Pesaro served in the position of captain of Pazin, as ''[[provveditore]]'' of the Republic of Venice.<ref name="Dobrila"/><ref>{{cite book |title=L' Istria, Volume 1 |date=1846 |page=223 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IlM_AAAAcAAJ}}</ref>

Slavs inhabited the countryside around Pazin since the 9th century; they worked for the German landowners, who lived in the small fortresses and rocks, built on the edges of the cliffs. The Italians of Pisino trace their origins to the pre-existing Roman community living in the area of the County of Pazin, having resisted the expansion and assimilation of the newcomers. The Italian ethnicity in the County of Pazin was also kept alive and powered by the continuous contact and relationships with the nearby and strictly Italian communities of the Pola and Parenzo (Poreč) areas.<ref name="ALG"/>

In the area surrounding Pazin, there is a very old presence of [[Croatisation|Croatized]] [[Romanians]] ([[Vlachs]]). They are recorded as early as 1102 in [[Moncalvo di Pisino]].<ref name="AlberiLINT"/> In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Austrians brought to the County of Pazin many families of [[Morlachs]], especially after the [[Treaty of Madrid (1617)|Treaty of Madrid]], which ended the [[Uskok War]].<ref name="Kobler">{{cite book |last1=Kobler |first1=Giovanni |title=Memorie per la storia della Liburnica città di Fiume, scritte dal Fiumano Giovanni Kobler. Pubblicate per cura del municipio Volumes 1-3 |date=1896 |publisher=Stabilimento Tipo-litografico Fiumano di E. Mohovich |page=178 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2t7KAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

As with the other Istrian counties, the notary and diplomatic language of Pazin remained [[Latin]], in preference to the [[German language]]. The [[Istrian Demarcation]] (''Razvod istarski'') was written in 1325 in Croatian and in the [[Glagolitic]] script.<ref>Treasures of Yugoslavia, An encyclopedic touring guide, Beograd, 1982.</ref> Beside this debated document, there is only one document written in [[Croatian language|Croatian]], a borders act between [[Kožljak]] and [[Mošćenička Draga]], which, however, was written in Croatian to please to chieftains of the Mošćenička Draga area, subjects of the lords of [[Kastav]], who didn't understand Latin. The only official language of the public and private documents of the County of Pazin was Latin, which in the 17th century was replaced by the [[Italian language]]. Even the acts and the registers from the captain administration were written in Latin, and then in Italian; German, which was still marginally used up to the 16th century, was used ever less, and finally disappeared in the 17th century.<ref name="ALG">{{cite book |author=Associazione istriana di studi di storia patria |title=Pagine istriane periodico scientifico letterario-artistico |date=1904 |publisher=ALG |pages=109–115 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6MrB4A4UhPoC}}</ref><ref name="Treccani"/>

By 1500, the city of Pazin, with a population of around 1500 people, {{Dubious span|text=was a small center of Italian life.|date=February 2025}} The head of the comune, and elected representative, did not bear the title of ''zupano'' (''župan''), but that of ''[[gastaldo]]''. He was elected by the twelve counselors of the so-called ''Banca'', and to operate needed the confirmation, or captain investment. His ''coadiutori'' (literally, coadjutors, collaborators) were usually called the ''giudici rettori''. A public notary with Imperial authority acted as chancellor of the comune, stipulating its acts and contracts.<ref name="ALG"/>

[[File:Castello di Montecuccoli di Pisino.JPG|thumb|[[Pazin Castle]] ({{langx|it|Castle Montecuccoli}})]]
In 1890, through an artificial formation of the comune, the Austrian government was able to make the ''[[municipio]]'' fall to the Slavs, but the Italians "passionately defended the city on this and other occasions".<ref name="Treccani"/> The Italians kept in Pazin the headquarters of the ''[[Società politica istriana]]'' ("Istrian Political Society").<ref name="Treccani">{{cite web |last1=Merlo |first1=Claudia |title=Pisino |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pisino_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/ |publisher=Treccani}}</ref>{{Neutrality is disputed|date=February 2025}}

Until 1918, the town (under the name Pisino) was part of the [[Austrian monarchy]] (Austrian side after the [[compromise of 1867]]), seat of the district of the same name, one of the 11 ''Bezirkshauptmannschaften'' in the [[Austrian Littoral]] province.<ref>Die postalischen Abstempelungen auf den österreichischen Postwertzeichen-Ausgaben 1867, 1883 und 1890, Wilhelm Klein, 1967</ref>

In the same year, Pazin and all the [[Istria|Peninsula of Istria]] were transferred to the [[Kingdom of Italy]]. [[Benito Mussolini]], then, introduced a fascist regime in Italy which, under the "Duce", began to Italianize the region. Most of Istria became part of [[Yugoslavia]] after [[World War II]] with the Treaty of Paris in 1947, and subsequently became part of modern-day Croatia after it declared independence in 1991.