Editing Peripheral vision (section)

===Outer boundaries===

[[File:Traquair 1938 Fig 1 modified.png|thumb|Classical image of the shape and size of the visual field<ref name="Traquair" />]]The outer boundaries of peripheral vision correspond to the boundaries of the [[visual field]] as a whole. For a single eye, the extent of the visual field can be (roughly) defined in terms of four angles, each measured from the fixation point, i.e., the point at which one's gaze is directed. These angles, representing four cardinal directions, are 60° upwards, 60° nasally (towards the nose), 70–75° downwards, and 100–110° temporally (away from the nose and towards the temple).<ref name="Rönne">{{cite journal | last = Rönne | first = Henning | title = Zur Theorie und Technik der Bjerrrumschen Gesichtsfelduntersuchung | journal = Archiv für Augenheilkunde | volume = 78 | issue = 4 | pages = 284–301| year = 1915 }}</ref><ref name="Traquair">{{cite book |last= Traquair |first = Harry Moss |date= 1938 |title= An Introduction to Clinical Perimetry, Chpt. 1 |location= London|publisher= Henry Kimpton |pages = 4–5}}</ref><ref name="SavinoDanesh-Meyer2012">{{cite book|last1=Savino|first1=Peter J.|last2=Danesh-Meyer|first2=Helen V.|title=Color Atlas and Synopsis of Clinical Ophthalmology -- Wills Eye Institute -- Neuro-Ophthalmology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6RgSZGWQZGIC&pg=PA12|access-date=9 November 2014|date=1 May 2012|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-1-60913-266-8|page=12}}</ref><ref name="RyanSchachat2012">{{cite book|last1=Ryan|first1=Stephen J.|last2=Schachat|first2=Andrew P.|last3=Wilkinson|first3=Charles P. |author4=David R. Hinton |author5=SriniVas R. Sadda |author6=Peter Wiedemann |author6-link=Peter Wiedemann |title=Retina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdAsuzFRv5oC&pg=PT342|access-date=9 November 2014|date=1 November 2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4557-3780-2|page=342}}</ref><ref name="TrattlerKaiser2012">{{cite book|last1=Trattler|first1=William B.|last2=Kaiser|first2=Peter K.|last3=Friedman|first3=Neil J.|title=Review of Ophthalmology: Expert Consult - Online and Print|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AazA_9TQnHYC&pg=PA255|access-date=9 November 2014|date=5 January 2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4557-3773-4|page=255}}</ref><ref name="erratum">{{cite journal |last1=Strasburger |first1=H. |last2=Jüttner |first2=M. |date=April 2024 |issue=15 |journal=Journal of Vision |title=Erratum. Corrections to: Strasburger, Rentschler & Jüttner (2011), Peripheral Vision and Pattern Recognition |url=https://jov.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2793585 |volume=24 |doi=10.1167/jov.24.4.15 |doi-access=free |pmc=11033599 }}<!-- auto-translated from German by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> For both eyes the combined visual field is 130–135° vertically<ref name="Dagnelie2011">{{cite book|last=Dagnelie|first=Gislin|title=Visual Prosthetics: Physiology, Bioengineering, Rehabilitation|url=https://archive.org/details/Gislin_Dagnelie_Visual_Prosthetics|access-date=9 November 2014|date=21 February 2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4419-0754-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/Gislin_Dagnelie_Visual_Prosthetics/page/n401 398]}}</ref><ref name="Dohse2007">{{cite book|last=Dohse|first=K.C.|title=Effects of Field of View and Stereo Graphics on Memory in Immersive Command and Control|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2pSW2D4s7gC&pg=PA6|access-date=9 November 2014|year=2007|isbn=978-0-549-33503-0|page=6}}</ref> and 200–220° horizontally.<ref name="Traquair" /><ref name="szinte">{{Citation 
| last1 = Szinte
| first1 = Martin
| last2 = Cavanagh
| first2 = Patrick
| title = Apparent Motion from Outside the Visual Field, Retinotopic Cortices May Register Extra-Retinal Positions
| date = 15 October 2012
| journal = PLOS ONE
| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0047386
| quote = With our head and eyes steady, our normal binocular vision covers a visual field of about 200 to 220 degrees of visual angle.
| volume=7
| issue = 10
| pages=e47386
| pmid=23077606
| pmc=3471811
| bibcode = 2012PLoSO...747386S
| doi-access = free
}}</ref><ref name="erratum" />