Editing Permian (section)

=== Cisuralian ===
The Cisuralian Series is named after the strata exposed on the western slopes of the Ural Mountains in Russia and Kazakhstan. The name was proposed by J. B. Waterhouse in 1982 to comprise the Asselian, Sakmarian, and Artinskian stages. The Kungurian was later added to conform to the Russian "Lower Permian". [[Albert Auguste Cochon de Lapparent]] in 1900 had proposed the "Uralian Series", but the subsequent inconsistent usage of this term meant that it was later abandoned.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gradstein|first1=Felix M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rse4v1P-f9kC&pg=PA254|title=A geologic time scale 2004|last2=Ogg|first2=James G.|last3=Smith|first3=Alan G.|date=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-78673-7|page=250|access-date=2021-04-17|archive-date=2023-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716091926/https://books.google.com/books?id=rse4v1P-f9kC&pg=PA254|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Asselian was named by the Russian stratigrapher V.E. Ruzhenchev in 1954, after the [[Assel River]] in the southern Ural Mountains. The GSSP for the base of the Asselian is located in the Aidaralash River valley near [[Aqtöbe]], Kazakhstan, which was ratified in 1996. The beginning of the stage is defined by the first appearance of ''[[Streptognathodus|Streptognathodus postfusus]].''<ref>Davydov, V.I., Glenister, B.F., Spinosa, C., Ritter, S.M., Chernykh, V.V., Wardlaw, B.R. & Snyder, W.S. 1998. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237222028_Proposal_of_Aidaralash_as_Global_Stratotype_Section_and_Point_GSSP_for_base_of_the_Permian_System Proposal of Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416103303/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237222028_Proposal_of_Aidaralash_as_Global_Stratotype_Section_and_Point_GSSP_for_base_of_the_Permian_System |date=2021-04-16 }}. Episodes, 21, 11–17.</ref>

The Sakmarian is named in reference to the [[Sakmara River]] in the southern Urals, and was coined by [[Alexander Karpinsky]] in 1874. The GSSP for the base of the Sakmarian is located at the Usolka section in the southern Urals, which was ratified in 2018. The GSSP is defined by the first appearance of ''[[Sweetognathus|Sweetognathus binodosus]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chernykh|first1=by Valery V.|last2=Chuvashov|first2=Boris I.|last3=Shen|first3=Shu-Zhong|last4=Henderson|first4=Charles M.|last5=Yuan|first5=Dong-Xun|last6=Stephenson|first6=and Michael H.|date=2020-12-01|title=The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base- Sakmarian Stage (Cisuralian, Lower Permian)|journal=Episodes |language=en|volume=43|issue=4|pages=961–979|doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020059|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The Artinskian was named after the city of [[Arti, Russia|Arti]] in [[Sverdlovsk Oblast]], Russia. It was named by Karpinsky in 1874. The Artinskian currently lacks a defined GSSP.<ref name="Cohen-2013" /> The proposed definition for the base of the Artinskian is the first appearance of ''Sweetognathus aff. S. whitei.<ref name="Lucas-2018" />''

The Kungurian takes its name after [[Kungur]], a city in Perm Krai. The stage was introduced by Alexandr Antonovich Stukenberg in 1890. The Kungurian currently lacks a defined GSSP.<ref name="Cohen-2013" /> Recent proposals have suggested the appearance of [[Neostreptognathodus|''Neostreptognathodus pnevi'']] as the lower boundary.<ref name="Lucas-2018" />