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Persecution of Muslims
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===Crusades=== {{Main|Crusades}} The [[First Crusade]] was launched in 1095 by [[Pope Urban II]], with the stated goal of regaining control of the sacred city of [[Jerusalem]] and the [[Holy Land]] from the Muslims, who had captured them from the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] in 638. The [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid Caliph]], [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|Al Hakim of Cairo]], known as the "mad Caliph"<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOdpBdorm8wC&pg=PA245 |title=Keys to Jerusalem: Collected Essays |last=Murphy-O'Connor |first=Jerome |date=23 February 2012 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0199642021}}</ref> destroyed the [[Constantine the Great|Constantinian-era]] [[Church of the Holy Sepulcher]] in 1009, as well as [[Fatimid desecration of Jerusalem|other Christian churches and shrines in the Holy Land]]. This event, in conjunction with the [[Great German Pilgrimage of 1064β65|killing of Germanic pilgrims]] who were travelling from Byzantium to Jerusalem, raised the anger of Europe, and inspired Pope Urban II to call on all Catholic rulers, [[knight]]s, and noblemen to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim rule. In part, it was also a response to the [[Investiture Controversy]], which was the most significant [[separation of church and state (medieval)|conflict between secular and religious]] powers in [[medieval Europe]]. The controversy began as a dispute between the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] and the [[Pope Gregory VII|Gregorian Papacy]] and gave rise to the political concept of [[Christendom]] as a union of all peoples and sovereigns under the direction of the pope; as both sides tried to marshal public opinion in their favour, people became personally engaged in a dramatic religious controversy. Also of great significance in launching the crusade were the string of victories by the Seljuk Turks, which saw the end of Arab rule in Jerusalem. [[File:Counquest of Jeusalem (1099).jpg|thumb|Capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders in 1099]] On 7 May 1099 the Crusaders reached [[Jerusalem]], which had been recaptured from the [[Seljuks]] by the [[Fatimid]]s of Egypt only a year before. On 15 July, the Crusaders were able to end the siege by breaking down sections of the walls and entering the city. Over the course of that afternoon, evening, and next morning, the Crusaders killed almost every inhabitant of Jerusalem, Muslims and Jews alike. Although many Muslims sought shelter atop the [[Temple Mount]] inside the [[Qibli Mosque|Al-Aqsa Mosque]], the Crusaders spared few lives. According to the anonymous ''[[Gesta Francorum]]'', in what some believe to be one of the most valuable contemporary sources of the First Crusade, "...the slaughter was so great that our men waded in blood up to their ankles...."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/cde-jlem.asp#gesta2 |title=King John of England: Royal Licenses to Export and Import, 1205β1206 |website=Fordham.edu |access-date=9 February 2016}}</ref> (which is however rather a literary figure used multiple times in similar context than probable reality). According to Fulcher of Chartres: "Indeed, if you had been there you would have seen our feet coloured to our ankles with the blood of the slain. But what more shall I relate? None of them were left alive; neither women nor children were spared.".<ref>{{cite web |title=King John of England: Royal Licenses to Export and Import, 1205β1206 |url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/cde-jlem.asp#fulcher1 |access-date=9 February 2016 |website=Fordham.edu}}</ref> [[Tancred, Prince of Galilee]] claimed the [[Temple in Jerusalem|Temple quarter]] for himself and offered protection to some of the Muslims there, but he was unable to prevent their deaths at the hands of his fellow Crusaders. During the massacre committed in Jerusalem during the First Crusade, it was reported that the Crusaders "[circled] the screaming, flame-tortured humanity singing 'Christ We Adore Thee!' with their Crusader crosses held high".<ref>Rausch, David (1990), ''Legacy of Hatred: Why Christians Must Not Forget the Holocaust'', Baker Pub Group, {{ISBN|0801077583}}, p. 27</ref> Muslims were indiscriminately killed, and Jews who had taken refuge in their synagogue were killed when it was burnt down by the Crusaders.
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