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Phase distortion synthesis
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==Comparison to other types of synthesis== As outlined above, phase distortion broadly applies similar mathematical concepts to '''[[phase modulation]] synthesis''', but their implementation and results are not equivalent. Whereas PM - pioneered by [[John Chowning]] and commercially used by Yamaha - uses an oscillating modulator that can have its own period, PD applies an angular modulator of straight-line segments [[Oscillator sync|hard-synchronised]] to the same period as its corresponding carrier, i.e. modulating each cycle identically. PM/FM produces [[Bessel function]]-derived spectra unless linearised by the application of feedback, whereas PD produces more linear spectra. This manifests in PD synths' reputation for being easier to produce traditional [[Subtractive synthesis|subtractive]] sounds, such as those typically associated with analogue synths, which are characterised by linear spectra. These facts demonstrate how although the broad concept - alteration of phase - is the same, implementation and results differ greatly. Casio's own later engine named '''Interactive Phase Distortion (iPD)''', which featured in their VZ synths (VZ-1, VZ-10M, and VZ-8M; the first two also rebadged by [[Hohner]] as the HS-2 resp. HS-2/E), actually bears very little resemblance to 'actual' PD, being based around an idiosyncratic type of PM instead. In iPD, multiple oscillators are combined in various configurable routings (similar to Yamaha's "algorithms") and can modulate each other using PM or [[ring modulation]] (the latter not available in Yamaha's system). Casio's options for combining and routing oscillators are more flexible than Yamaha's.Β For example, the VZ10-M is capable of 90 unique combinations of oscillators and modulations compared to the 32 algorithms of the DX7.Β Additionally the VZ-10M oscillators offer 8 different waveforms, allowing more complex sound generation than the DX7 which uses only sine waves.
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