Editing Phono-semantic matching (section)

===Arabic===
Zuckermann analyses the evolution of the word ''[[artichoke]]''.<ref>{{harvtxt|Zuckermann|2009|page=60}}</ref> Beginning in Arabic {{lang|ar|الخرشوف}} ({{transliteration|ar|ALA|'al-khurshūf}}) "the artichoke", it was adapted into [[Andalusian Arabic]] ''alxarshofa'', then [[Old Spanish]] ''alcarchofa'', then [[Italian language|Italian]] ''alcarcioffo'', then [[Northern Italian]] ''arcicioffo'' > ''arciciocco'' > ''articiocco'', then phonetically realised in English as ''artichoke''. The word was eventually ''phono-semantically matched'' back into colloquial [[Levantine Arabic]] (for example in [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]] and [[Israel]]) as {{lang|ar|أرضي شوكي}} ({{transliteration|ar|ALA|arḍī shawkī}}), consisting of {{lang|ar|أرضي}} ({{transliteration|ar|ALA|arḍī}}) "earthly" and {{lang|ar|شوكي}} ({{transliteration|ar|ALA|shawkī}}) "thorny".

Arabic has made use of phono-semantic matching to replace blatantly imported new terminology with a word derived from an existing [[triliteral root]]. Examples are:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Word !! English meaning !! Unarabicised import !! Arabicised word !! Pre-existing root (meaning)
|-
| technologie (French) || technology || {{lang|ar|تكنولوجيا}} ({{transliteration|ar|ALA|teknolōjyā}}) || {{lang|ar|تقانة}} ({{transliteration|ar|taqānah}}) || t-q-n (skill)
|-
| mitochondrie (French) || mitochondria || {{lang|ar|ميتوكندريا}} ({{transliteration|ar|mītōkondriyah}}) || {{lang|ar|متقدرة}} ({{transliteration|ar|mutaqaddirah}}) || q-d-r (power)
|-
| macchina (Italian) || machine || {{lang|ar|مكينة}} ({{transliteration|ar|makīnah}}) || {{lang|ar|مكنة}} ({{transliteration|ar|makanah}}) || m-k-n (capacity)
|}