Editing Phototypesetting (section)

=== 1950s and 60s ===

==== Initial phototypesetting machines ====
[[File:Intertype Photosetter (4393993131).jpg|thumb|left|An Intertype Fotosetter, one of the most popular "first-generation" mass-market phototypesetting machines. The system is heavily based on [[hot metal typesetting]] technology, with the metal casting machinery replaced with photographic film, a light system and glass pictures of characters.]]
In 1949 the Photon Corporation in Cambridge, Massachusetts, developed equipment based on the [[Lumitype]] of [[Rene Higonnet]] and [[Louis Moyroud]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=René Higonnet {{!}} French printer {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rene-Higonnet |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The Lumitype-Photon was first used to set a complete published book in 1953, and for newspaper work in 1954.<ref>[http://www.prepressure.com/prepress/history/events-1950-1959 Prepressure – the history of prepress & publishing, 1950–1959], retrieved on 8 May 2014</ref> [[Mergenthaler Linotype Company|Mergenthaler]] produced the Linofilm using a different design, and [[Monotype Corporation|Monotype]] produced Monophoto. Other companies followed with products that included [[Alphatype]] and Varityper.

To provide much greater speeds, the Photon Corporation produced the ZIP 200 machine for the MEDLARS project of the National Library of Medicine and Mergenthaler produced the Linotron. The ZIP 200 could produce text at 600 characters per second using high-speed flashes behind plates with images of the characters to be printed. Each character had a separate xenon flash constantly ready to fire. A separate system of optics positioned the image on the page.<ref>Harold E. Edgerton, ''Electronic Flash, Strobe'', 1987, chapter 12, section J</ref>
[[File:Berthold photosetting units tps+tpu.jpg|thumb|100 photosetting units tps 6300 and tpu 6308]]

==== Use of CRT screens for phototypesetting ====
[[File:Linotype CRTronic 360.jpg|thumb|Linotype CRTronic 360]]
An enormous advance was made by the mid-1960s with the development of equipment that projects the characters from CRT screens. Early CRT phototypesetters, such as Linotype's Linotron 1010 from 1966, used the same type of film negative for the font source as traditional optical phototypesetters did, but by instead scanning the font negative via a [[flying spot scanner]] array to a video signal, which was then displayed on the CRT to be exposed to the photographic paper or film.  Later CRT phototypesetters used high-resolution digitized font data stored in a [[frame buffer]] which was used to render the font characters directly to the CRT.

Alphanumeric Corporation (later Autologic) produced the APS series. [[Rudolf Hell]] developed the Digiset machine in Germany. The [[RCA]] Graphic Systems Division manufactured this in the U.S. as the Videocomp, later marketed by [[Information International Inc.]] Software for operator-controlled hyphenation was a major component of digital typesetting. Early work on this topic produced paper tape to control hot-metal machines. C. J. Duncan, at the University of Durham in England, was a pioneer. The earliest applications of computer-controlled phototypesetting machines produced the output of the Russian translation programs of Gilbert King at the IBM Research Laboratories, and built-up mathematical formulas and other material in the Cooperative Computing Laboratory of [[Michael P Barnett|Michael Barnett]] at MIT.

There are extensive accounts of the early applications,<ref>Michael P. Barnett, Computer typesetting, experiments and prospects, 245p, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1965.</ref> the equipment<ref>Arthur Phillips, Computer peripherals and typesetting: a study of man-machine interface incorporating a survey of computer peripherals and typographic composing equipment, HMSO, 1958, London.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Belzer |first1=Jack |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G6a2tSuOoq8C&dq=alphanumeric+typesetter&pg=PA351 |title=Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 5 - Classical Optimization to Computer Output/Input Microform |last2=Holzman |first2=Albert G. |last3=Kent |first3=Allen |date=1976-12-01 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8247-2255-5 |language=en}}</ref>
and the PAGE I algorithmic typesetting language for the Videocomp, that introduced elaborate formatting<ref>John. Pierson, Computer composition using PAGE-1, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1972.</ref>

In Europe, the company of [[Berthold (company)|Berthold]] had no experience in developing hot-metal typesetting equipment, but being one of the largest German type foundries, they applied themselves to the transference. Berthold successfully developed its [[Berthold typesetting systems|Diatype (1960), Diatronic (1967), and ADS (1977) machines]], which led the European high-end typesetting market for decades.