Editing Phronesis (section)

===Aristotle===
In Aristotle's work, {{transliteration|grc|phronesis}} is the intellectual virtue that helps turn one's moral instincts into practical action.{{r|NE}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kristjansson |first1=Kristján |title=Phronesis as an ideal in professional medical ethics: some preliminary positionings and problematics |journal=Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics |date=2015 |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=299–320 |doi=10.1007/s11017-015-9338-4 |pmid=26387119 |s2cid=254786871 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11017-015-9338-4 |access-date=5 October 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He writes that moral virtues help any person to achieve the end, and that {{transliteration|grc|phronesis}} is what it takes to discover the means to gain that end.{{r|NE}} Without moral virtues, {{transliteration|grc|phronesis}} degenerates into an inability to make practical actions in regards to genuine [[good]]s for man.<ref>{{cite book |last1=MacIntyre |first1=Alasdair |title=After Virtue |year=1981 |publisher= University of Notre Dame Press |location=US: Indiana |isbn=978-0268006112 |page=154 |edition=2nd revised }}</ref>

In the sixth book of [[Aristotle]]'s ''[[Nicomachean Ethics]]'', he distinguished the concepts of {{transliteration|grc|[[Sophia (wisdom)|sophia]]}} (wisdom) and {{transliteration|grc|phronesis}}, and described the relationship between them and other intellectual virtues.<ref name=NE>{{cite book|author=[[Aristotle]]|title=[[Nicomachean Ethics]]}}</ref>{{rp|[https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/aristotle/nicomachean-ethics/f-h-peters/text/book-6 VI]}} He writes that {{transliteration|grc|Sophia}} is a combination of {{transliteration|grc|[[nous]]}}, the ability to discern reality, and {{transliteration|grc|[[episteme|epistēmē]]}}, things that "could not be otherwise".<ref>{{Citation|last=Parry|first=Richard|title=Episteme and Techne|date=2021|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/episteme-techne/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|edition=Winter 2021|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=2021-11-28}}</ref>He then writes that {{transliteration|grc|Phronesis}} involves not only the ability to decide how to reach a certain end, but  the ability to reflect upon and determine "good ends" as well.{{r|NE|at=[https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/aristotle/nicomachean-ethics/f-h-peters/text/book-6 VI] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Aristot.+Nic.+Eth.+1140a&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0053 1140a], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Aristot.+Nic.+Eth.+1141b&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0053 1141b], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Aristot.+Nic.+Eth.+1142b&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0053 1142b]}}

Aristotle also writes that although {{transliteration|grc|sophia}} is higher and more serious than {{transliteration|grc|phronesis}}, the pursuit of wisdom and happiness requires both, as {{transliteration|grc|phronesis}} facilitates {{transliteration|grc|sophia}}.{{r|NE|at=[https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/aristotle/nicomachean-ethics/f-h-peters/text/book-6#chapter-6-1-8 VI.8] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Aristot.+Nic.+Eth.+1142a&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0053 1142]}} According to Aristotle's theory of [[rhetoric]], {{transliteration|grc|phronesis}} is one of the three types of appeals to character ({{transliteration|grc|[[ethos]]}}).<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Aristotle]]|title=[[Rhetoric (Aristotle)|Rhetoric]]|at=[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0086.tlg038.perseus-eng1:1378a 1378a]}}</ref>

Aristotle claims that gaining phronesis requires gaining experience, as he writes:{{quote|...although the young may be experts in [[geometry]] and [[mathematics]] and similar branches of knowledge [''sophoi''], we do not consider that a young man can have Prudence [''phronimos'']. The reason is that Prudence [''phronesis''] includes a knowledge of particular facts, and this is derived from experience, which a young man does not possess; for experience is the fruit of years.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Aristotle]]|title=The Nicomachean Ethics|url=https://archive.org/details/loeb-classical-library-aristotle-the-nicomachean-ethics-rackham|translator-first=H.|translator-last=Rackham|series=The Loeb Classical Library|at=[https://archive.org/details/loeb-classical-library-aristotle-the-nicomachean-ethics-rackham/page/348/mode/1up VI.8¶5 1142]}}</ref> }}