Editing Physical abuse (section)

==Effects==

Physically abused children are at risk for later interpersonal problems involving aggressive behavior, and adolescents are at a much greater risk for [[substance use disorder]]s. In addition, symptoms of depression, emotional distress, and [[suicidal ideation]] are also common features of people who have been physically abused. Studies have also shown that children with a history of physical abuse may meet [[DSM-IV-TR]] criteria for [[post traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD).<ref name=Mash>{{cite book|last=Mash|first=Eric|title=Abnormal Child Psychology|year=2010|publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning|location=Belmont, California|isbn=9780495506270|pages=427–463}}</ref> As many as one-third of children who experience physical abuse are also at risk to become abusive as adults.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Oliver | first1 = JE | year = 1993 | title = Intergenerational transmission of child abuse: rates, research, and clinical implications | journal = Am J Psychiatry | volume = 150 | issue = 99| pages = 1314–24 | doi = 10.1176/ajp.150.9.1315 | pmid = 8352342 }}</ref>

Researchers have pointed to other potential psycho-biological effects of child physical abuse on parenting, when abused children become adults. These recent findings may, at least in part, be carried forward by epigenetic changes that impact the regulation of stress physiology.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schechter |first1=Daniel S. |last2=Moser |first2=Dominik A. |last3=Paoloni-Giacobino |first3=Ariane |last4=Stenz |first4=Ludwig |last5=Gex-Fabry |first5=Marianne |last6=Aue |first6=Tatjana |last7=Adouan |first7=Wafae |last8=Cordero |first8=María I. |last9=Suardi |first9=Francesca |last10=Manini |first10=Aurelia |last11=Sancho Rossignol |first11=Ana |last12=Merminod |first12=Gaëlle |last13=Ansermet |first13=Francois |last14=Dayer |first14=Alexandre G. |last15=Rusconi Serpa |first15=Sandra |title=Methylation of NR3C1 is related to maternal PTSD, parenting stress and maternal medial prefrontal cortical activity in response to child separation among mothers with histories of violence exposure |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |date=2015 |volume=6 |page=690 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00690 |doi-access=free |pmid=26074844 |pmc=4447998 }}</ref>