Editing Pitch-accent language (section)

===Characteristics of the accent===
====High vs. low accent====
When one particular tone is marked in a language in contrast to unmarked syllables, it is usual for it to be a high tone. There are, however, a few languages in which the marked tone is a low tone, for example the [[Dogrib language]] of northwestern Canada,<ref>Hyman, L. (2000), "Privative Tone in Bantu".</ref> [[Kansai dialect|the Kansai dialect of Japanese]], and certain Bantu languages of the Congo such as [[Luba-Kasai language|Ciluba]] and [[Ruund language|Ruund]].<ref>Nash, J.A. (1994), [https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/elanguage/sal/article/download/1296/1296-2281-1-PB.pdf "Underlying Low Tones in Ruwund"]. 
''Studies in African Linguistics'' Volume 23, Number 3,1992-1994.</ref>

====Disyllabic accents====
One difference between a pitch accent and a stress accent is that it is not uncommon for a pitch accent to be realised over two syllables. Thus in [[Serbo-Croatian]], the difference between a "rising" and a "falling" accent is observed only in the pitch of the syllable following the accent: the accent is said to be "rising" if the following syllable is as high as or higher than the accented syllable, but "falling" if it is lower (see [[Serbo-Croatian phonology#Pitch accent]]).<ref>Zec, D., & [[Elizabeth Zsiga|Zsiga, E.]] (2010). [https://zsigaedotcom.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/zec_zsiga_interactiontonestressserbian_fasl18_2010.pdf "Interaction of Tone and Stress in Standard Serbian"] (Formal Approaches to Slavic Linguistics 18, 535–555. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Michigan Slavic Publications.)</ref>

In [[Vedic Sanskrit]], the ancient Indian grammarians described the accent as being a high pitch ({{IAST|udātta}}) followed by a falling tone ({{IAST|svarita}}) on the following syllable; but occasionally, when two syllables had merged, the high tone and the falling tone were combined on one syllable.<ref>Whitney, William Dwight (1879), [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sanskrit_Grammar/Chapter_II ''Sanskrit Grammar'' ch. 2], §§81–3.</ref><ref>Allen, W. Sidney (1987), ''Vox Graeca'' (3rd edition), p. 121.</ref>

In [[Swedish language|Standard Swedish]], the difference between accent 1 and accent 2 can only be heard in words of two or more syllables, since the tones take two syllables to be realised. In [[Värmland]] as well as [[Norrland]] accent 1 and 2 can be heard in monosyllabic words however. In the central Swedish dialect of [[Stockholm]], accent 1 is an LHL contour and accent 2 is an HLHL contour, with the second peak in the second syllable.<ref>Tomas Riad [https://www.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.29915.1320939951!/RiadStuf2006.pdf "Scandinavian accent typology"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808231941/http://www.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.29915.1320939951!/RiadStuf2006.pdf |date=8 August 2017 }}. ''Sprachtypol. Univ. Forsch.'' (STUF), Berlin 59 (2006) 1, 36–55; pp. 38–9.</ref>

In [[Welsh language|Welsh]], in most words the accent is realised as a low tone on the penultimate syllable (which is also stressed) followed by a high tone on the final; but in some dialects this LH contour may take place entirely within the penultimate syllable.<ref name=Cooper>Cooper, S.E. (2015). Bangor University PhD thesis.[http://e.bangor.ac.uk/4740/1/Cooper%202015%20Intonation%20in%20Anglesey%20Welsh.pdf "Intonation in Anglesey Welsh"], p. 165.</ref>

Similarly in the [[Chewa language|Chichewa]] language of Malawi a tone on a final syllable often spreads backwards to the penultimate syllable, so that the word {{lang|ny|Chichew'''á'''}} is actually pronounced ''Chich<u>ēw'''ā'''</u>'' with two mid-tones,<ref>Louw, Johan K. (1987). ''{{lang|ny|Pang'onopang'ono ndi Mtolo}}: Chichewa: A Practical Course''. UNISA Press, vol. 3, p. 22, 60.</ref> or ''Chichěw'''ā''''', with a rising tone on the penultimate syllable.<ref name="DM17">Downing, L.M. & Mtenje, A.D. (2017), ''The Phonology of Chichewa'', p. 119.</ref> Sentence-finally it can become ''Chich<u>ěwà</u>'' with a rising tone on the penultimate and a low tone on the final.<ref name="DM17" /><ref>Cf. Hyman, L.M. (2007) "Tone: Is it different?". UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2007), p. 500.</ref>

====Peak delay====
A phenomenon observed in a number of languages, both fully tonal ones and those with pitch-accent systems, is peak delay.<ref>Yip, Moira (2002) ''Tone'', pp. 8–9.</ref> In this, the high point (peak) of a high tone does not synchronise exactly with the syllable itself, but is reached at the beginning of the following syllable, giving the impression that the high tone has spread over two syllables. The Vedic Sanskrit accent described above has been interpreted as an example of peak delay.<ref name="Beguš16" />

====One-mora accents====
Conversely, a pitch accent in some languages can target just part of a syllable, if the syllable is [[mora (linguistics)|bi-moraic]]. Thus in [[Luganda]], in the word {{lang|lg|Abag'''â'''nda}} "Baganda people" the accent is considered to occur on the first mora of the syllable {{lang|lg|ga(n)}}, but in {{lang|lg|Bugá'''ń'''da}} "Buganda (region)" it occurs on the second half (with spreading back to the first half).<ref>Kamoga, F.K. & [[Earl Stevick|Stevick]] (1968). [http://www.fsi-language-courses.net/languages/Luganda/Basic/FSI%20-%20Luganda%20Basic%20Course%20-%20Instructor%20and%20Student%20Text.pdf ''Luganda Basic Course'']., pp. ix–x.</ref><ref>Dutcher, Katharine & Mary Paster (2008), [http://www.lingref.com/cpp/wccfl/27/paper1824.pdf "Contour Tone Distribution in Luganda"] ''Proceedings of the 27th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics'', ed. Natasha Abner and Jason Bishop, 123-131. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.</ref> In Ancient Greek, similarly, in the word {{lang|grc|οἶκοι}} ({{grc-transl|'''οἶ'''κοι}}) "houses" the accent is on the first half of the syllable ''oi'', but in {{lang|grc|οἴκοι}} ({{grc-transl|'''οἴ'''κοι}}) "at home" on the second half.<ref name="Smyth, H.W. 1920">Smyth, H.W. (1920) ''Greek Grammar'', §169.</ref> An alternative analysis is to see Luganda and Ancient Greek as belonging to the type of languages where there is a choice of different contours on an accented syllable.