Editing Plant hormone (section)

===Abscisic acid===
[[File:Abscisic acid.svg|thumb|Abscisic acid]]
[[Abscisic acid]] (also called ABA) is one of the most important plant growth inhibitors. It was discovered and researched under two different names, ''dormin'' and ''abscicin II'', before its chemical properties were fully known. Once it was determined that the two compounds are the same, it was named abscisic acid. The name refers to the fact that it is found in high concentrations in newly [[abscission|abscissed]] or freshly fallen leaves.

This class of PGR is composed of one chemical compound normally produced in the leaves of plants, originating from [[chloroplast]]s, especially when plants are under stress. In general, it acts as an inhibitory chemical compound that affects [[bud]] growth, and seed and bud dormancy. It mediates changes within the [[apical meristem]], causing bud dormancy and the alteration of the last set of leaves into protective bud covers. Since it was found in freshly abscissed leaves, it was initially thought to play a role in the processes of natural leaf drop, but further research has disproven this. In plant species from temperate parts of the world, abscisic acid plays a role in leaf and seed dormancy by inhibiting growth, but, as it is dissipated from seeds or buds, growth begins. In other plants, as ABA levels decrease, growth then commences as [[gibberellin]] levels increase. Without ABA, buds and seeds would start to grow during warm periods in winter and would be killed when it froze again. Since ABA dissipates slowly from the tissues and its effects take time to be offset by other plant hormones, there is a delay in physiological pathways that provides some protection from premature growth. Abscisic acid accumulates within seeds during fruit maturation, preventing seed germination within the fruit or before winter. Abscisic acid's effects are degraded within plant tissues during cold temperatures or by its removal by water washing in and out of the tissues, releasing the seeds and buds from dormancy.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Feurtado JA, Ambrose SJ, Cutler AJ, Ross AR, Abrams SR, Kermode AR | title = Dormancy termination of western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl. Ex D. Don) seeds is associated with changes in abscisic acid metabolism | journal = Planta | volume = 218 | issue = 4 | pages = 630–9 | date = February 2004 | pmid = 14663585 | doi = 10.1007/s00425-003-1139-8 | bibcode = 2004Plant.218..630F | s2cid = 25035678 }}</ref>

ABA exists in all parts of the plant, and its concentration within any tissue seems to mediate its effects and function as a hormone; its degradation, or more properly [[catabolism]], within the plant affects metabolic reactions and cellular growth and production of other hormones.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Role of Abscisic Acid in Seed Dormancy |journal=J Plant Growth Regul |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=319–344 |date=December 2005 |doi=10.1007/s00344-005-0110-2 | vauthors = Kermode AR |doi-access=free }}</ref> Plants start life as a seed with high ABA levels. Just before the seed germinates, ABA levels decrease; during germination and early growth of the seedling, ABA levels decrease even more. As plants begin to produce shoots with fully functional leaves, ABA levels begin to increase again, slowing down cellular growth in more "mature" areas of the plant. Stress from water or predation affects ABA production and catabolism rates, mediating another cascade of effects that trigger specific responses from targeted cells. Scientists are still piecing together the complex interactions and effects of this and other phytohormones.

In plants under water stress, ABA plays a role in closing the [[stomata]]. Soon after plants are water-stressed and the roots are deficient in water, a signal moves up to the leaves, causing the formation of ABA precursors there, which then move to the roots. The roots then release ABA, which is translocated to the foliage through the vascular system<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ren H, Gao Z, Chen L, Wei K, Liu J, Fan Y, Davies WJ, Jia W, Zhang J | display-authors = 6 | title = Dynamic analysis of ABA accumulation in relation to the rate of ABA catabolism in maize tissues under water deficit | journal = Journal of Experimental Botany | volume = 58 | issue = 2 | pages = 211–9 | year = 2007 | pmid = 16982652 | doi = 10.1093/jxb/erl117 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and modulates potassium and sodium uptake within the [[guard cell]]s, which then lose [[turgid]]ity, closing the stomata.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Else MA, Coupland D, Dutton L, Jackson MB |title=Decreased root hydraulic conductivity reduces leaf water potential, initiates stomatal closure, and slows leaf expansion in flooded plants of castor oil (''Ricinus communis'') despite diminished delivery of ABA from the roots to shoots in xylem sap |journal=Physiologia Plantarum |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=46–54 |date=January 2001 |doi= 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1110107.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yan J, Tsuichihara N, Etoh T, Iwai S | title = Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide are involved in ABA inhibition of stomatal opening | journal = Plant, Cell & Environment | volume = 30 | issue = 10 | pages = 1320–5 | date = October 2007 | pmid = 17727421 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01711.x }}</ref>