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Plant physiology
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===Constituent elements=== {{further|Plant nutrition}} Plants require some [[nutrient]]s, such as [[carbon]] and [[nitrogen]], in large quantities to survive. Some nutrients are termed [[Macronutrient (ecology)|macronutrients]], where the prefix ''macro-'' (large) refers to the quantity needed, not the size of the nutrient particles themselves. Other nutrients, called [[micronutrient]]s, are required only in trace amounts for plants to remain healthy. Such micronutrients are usually absorbed as [[ion]]s dissolved in water taken from the soil, though [[carnivorous plant]]s acquire some of their micronutrients from captured prey. The following tables list [[chemical element|element]] nutrients essential to plants. Uses within plants are generalized. {| class="wikitable" |- |+ '''Macronutrients''' β necessary in large quantities |- | Element || Form of uptake || Notes |- | style="height:50px;"| [[Nitrogen]] || NO<sub>3</sub><sup>β</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>|| Nucleic acids, proteins, hormones, etc. |- | [[Oxygen]] || O<sub>2,</sub> H<sub>2</sub>O ||[[Cellulose]], [[starch]], other organic compounds |- | [[Carbon]] || CO<sub>2</sub>|| Cellulose, starch, other organic compounds |- | [[Hydrogen]] ||H<sub>2</sub>O || Cellulose, starch, other organic compounds |- | [[Potassium]] ||K<sup>+</sup>|| Cofactor in protein synthesis, water balance, etc. |- | [[Calcium]] ||Ca<sup>2+</sup> || Membrane synthesis and stabilization |- | [[Magnesium]] || Mg<sup>2+</sup>|| Element essential for chlorophyll |- | style="height:50px;"| [[Phosphorus]] || H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>β</sup>|| Nucleic acids, phospholipids, ATP |- | style="height:50px;"| [[Sulfur|Sulphur]] ||SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2β</sup>|| Constituent of proteins |} {| class="wikitable" |- |+ '''Micronutrients''' β necessary in small quantities |- |Element || Form of uptake || Notes |- | [[Chlorine]] || Cl<sup>β</sup> ||Photosystem II and stomata function |- | [[Iron]] || Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Fe<sup>3+</sup>||Chlorophyll formation and nitrogen fixation |- | [[Boron]] || HBO<sub>3</sub> ||Crosslinking pectin |- | [[Manganese]] || Mn<sup>2+</sup>|| Activity of some enzymes and photosystem II |- | [[Zinc]] || Zn<sup>2+</sup>|| Involved in the synthesis of enzymes and chlorophyll |- | [[Copper]] || Cu<sup>+</sup>|| Enzymes for lignin synthesis |- | style="height:50px;"| [[Molybdenum]] || MoO<sub>4</sub><sup>2β</sup> || Nitrogen fixation, reduction of nitrates |- | [[Nickel]] || Ni<sup>2+</sup>|| Enzymatic cofactor in the metabolism of nitrogen compounds |}
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