Editing Poison dart frog (section)

== Taxonomy ==

Dart frogs are the focus of major phylogenetic studies, and undergo taxonomic changes frequently.<ref name="Grant">{{cite journal
|author=Grant, T., Frost, D. R., Caldwell, J. P., Gagliardo, R., Haddad, C. F. B., Kok, P. J. R., Means, D. B., Noonan, B. P., Schargel, W. E., and Wheeler, W. C. |year=2006 |title=Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae) |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=299 |issue=299 |pages=1–262 |doi=10.1206/0003-0090(2006)299[1:PSODFA]2.0.CO;2 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/5803/1/B299.pdf |citeseerx=10.1.1.693.8392 |hdl=2246/5803 |s2cid=82263880 }}</ref> The family Dendrobatidae currently contains 16 genera, with about 200 species.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/names.php?taxon=&family=Dendrobatidae&subfamily=&genus=&commname=&authority=&year=&geo=0&dist=&comment= |title=Amphibian Species of the World |publisher=The American Museum of Natural History |access-date=2019-11-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |page=92 |isbn=978-0-13-100849-6 |last1=Pough |first1=F. H. |author2=Andrews, Robin M. |author3=Cadle, John E. |author4=Crump, Martha L. |year=2004 |publisher=Pearson/Prentice Hall|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|title=Herpetology}}</ref>

{|style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #999;"
|- style="background:#cc9; text-align:center;"
! Genus name and authority!!Common name!!Species
|- style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|''[[Adelphobates]]'' {{small|(Grant, et al., 2006)}} ||||{{align|center|3}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|''[[Andinobates]]'' {{small|(Twomey, Brown, Amézquita & Mejía-Vargas, 2011)}} ||||{{align|center|15}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|''[[Ameerega]]'' {{small|(Bauer, 1986)}} ||||{{align|center|30}}
|- style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|''[[Colostethus]]'' {{small|(Cope, 1866)}} ||Rocket frogs  ||{{align|center|15}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|''[[Dendrobates]]'' {{small|(Wagler, 1830)}} ||Poison dart frogs  ||{{align|center|5}}
|- style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|''[[Ectopoglossus]]'' {{small|(Grant, Rada, Anganoy-Criollo, Batista, Dias, Jeckel, Machado, and Rueda-Almonacid, 2017)}} ||||{{align|center|7}}
|- style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|''[[Epipedobates]]'' {{small|(Myers, 1987)}} ||Phantasmal poison frogs ||{{align|center|8}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|''[[Excidobates]]'' {{small|(Twomey and Brown, 2008)}} ||||{{align|center|3}}
|- style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|''[[Leucostethus]]'' {{small|Grant, Rada, Anganoy-Criollo, Batista, Dias, Jeckel, Machado, and Rueda-Almonacid, 2017}} ||||{{align|center|6}}
|- style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|''[[Hyloxalus]]'' {{small|(Jiménez de la Espada, 1870)}} || ||{{align|center|60}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|''[[Minyobates]]'' {{small|(Myers, 1987)}} ||||{{align|center|1}}
|- style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|''[[Oophaga]]'' {{small|(Bauer, 1994)}} || ||{{align|center|12}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|''[[Paruwrobates]]'' {{small|(Bauer, 1994)}} || ||{{align|center|3}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|''[[Phyllobates]]'' {{small|(Duméril and Bibron, 1841)}} ||Golden poison frogs ||{{align|center|5}}
|- style="background:#FFFDFF;"
|''[[Ranitomeya]]'' {{small|(Bauer, 1986)}} ||Thumbnail dart frogs||{{align|center|18}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|''[[Silverstoneia]]'' {{small|(Grant, et al., 2006)}} ||||{{align|center|8}}
|}

=== Color morphs ===

Some poison dart frogs species include a number of [[conspecific]] [[Polymorphism (biology)|color morphs]] that emerged as recently as 6,000 years ago.<ref name=SummersEtAl99>{{cite journal |doi=10.1098/rspb.1999.0900 |date=Nov 1999 |last1=Summers |first1=K. |author2=Symula, R |author3=Clough, M. |author4=Cronin, T. |title=Visual mate choice in poison frogs|volume=266 |issue=1434 |pages=2141–5 |pmid=10649631|pmc=1690338 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences}}</ref> Therefore, species such as ''[[Dendrobates tinctorius]]'', ''[[Oophaga pumilio]]'', and ''[[Oophaga granulifera]]'' can include color pattern morphs that can be interbred (colors are under [[polygenic]] control, while the actual patterns are probably controlled by a single [[locus (genetics)|locus]]).<ref name="summers">{{cite journal |last1=Summers |first1=K. |author2=Cronin T. W. |author3=Kennedy T. |year=2004 |title=Cross-breeding of distinct color morphs of the strawberry poison frog (''Dendrobates pumilio'') from the Bocas del Toro Archipelago, Panama |journal=Journal of Herpetology |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1670/51-03A |s2cid=86202846 }}</ref> Differing coloration has historically misidentified single species as separate, and there is still controversy among [[taxonomist]]s over [[Biological classification|classification]].<ref>{{cite journal
|last1=Kok |first1=P. J. R. |author2=MacCulloch, R. D. |author3=Gaucher, P. |author4=Poelman, E. H. |author5=Bourne, G. R. |author6=Lathrop, A. |author7=Lenglet, G. L. |year=2006 |title=A new species of ''Colostethus'' (Anura, Dendrobatidae) from French Guiana with a redescription of ''Colostethus beebei'' (Noble, 1923) from its type locality |journal=Phyllomedusa |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=43–66 |url=http://www.phyllomedusa.esalq.usp.br/articles/volume5/number1/514366.pdf |doi=10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v5i1p43-66 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Variation in predation regimens may have influenced the evolution of polymorphism in ''Oophaga granulifera'',<ref name=j3>{{cite journal |last=Wang |first=I. J.|title=Inversely related aposematic traits: reduced conspicuousness evolves with increased toxicity in a polymorphic poison-dart frog |journal=Evolution |year=2011 |volume=65 |pages=1637–1649 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01257.x |pmid=21644954 |issue=6 |s2cid=23855070 |doi-access=free }}</ref> while [[sexual selection]] appears to have contributed to differentiation among the Bocas del Toro populations of ''[[Oophaga pumilio]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Maan |first=M. E. |author2=M. E. Cummings |title=female preferences for aposematic signal components in a polymorphic poison frog |journal=Evolution |year=2008 |volume=62 |pages=2234–2345 |pmid=18616568 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00454.x |issue=9 |s2cid=34114372 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Reynolds |first=R. G. |author2=B. M. Fitzpatrick |journal=Evolution |year=2007 |volume=61 |pages=2253–2259 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00174.x |pmid=17767594 |title=Assortative mating in poison-dart frogs based on an ecologically important trait |issue=9 |s2cid=673233 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Tazzyman |first=I. J. |author2=Y. Iwassa |journal=Evolution |year=2010 |volume=64 |pages=1719–1728 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00923.x |pmid=20015236 |title=Sexual selection can increase the effect of random genetic drift – a quantitative genetic model of polymorphism in ''Oophaga pumilio'', the strawberry poison-dart frog |issue=6 |s2cid=37757687 |doi-access= }}</ref>