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Poly(p-phenylene vinylene)
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====Step growth routes==== PPV can be synthesized by [[Wittig reaction|Wittig-type couplings]] between the bis(ylide) derived from an aromatic bisphosphonium salt and dialdehyde, especially 1,4-benzenedialdehyde. [[File:PPV synthesis by Wittig.png]] [[Step-growth polymerization|Step growth coupling reactions]], such as this Wittig condensation, usually yield low molecular weight oligomer with 5-10 repeat units. Incorporation of various side groups (alkyl, alkoxy, or phenyl) increases the solubility of the polymer and gives higher molecular weights. An advantage of the step-polymerization approach is that ortho-, meta-, and para-xylylene linkages can be incorporated in the main chain. Copolymers of defined stereoregularity can also be easily made in this way.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}} PPV derivatives can be also produced via the [[Knoevenagel condensation]] between a benzylic nitrile and an aromatic dialdehyde. Since this method produces many side reactions, such as hydrolysis of nitrile group, careful optimization of the reaction conditions was needed. [[File:PPV synthesis using Knoevenagel condensation.png]]
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