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Polyaniline
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===Processing=== The synthesis of polyaniline nanostructures is facile.<ref>Ćirić-Marjanović, G. Polyaniline Nanostructures, in Nanostructured Conductive Polymers (ed A. Eftekhari), 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK. {{doi|10.1002/9780470661338.ch2}} [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470661338.ch2/summary PDF]</ref> Using surfactant dopants, the polyaniline can be made dispersible and hence useful for practical applications. Bulk synthesis of [[polyaniline nanofibers]] has been researched extensively.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://vohweb.chem.ucla.edu/voh/classes/spring09/185ID40/paper7b.pdf |doi=10.1021/ja028371y |pmid=12517126 |title=Polyaniline Nanofibers: Facile Synthesis and Chemical Sensors |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=125 |issue=2 |pages=314–5 |year=2003 |last1=Huang |first1=Jiaxing |last2=Virji |first2=Shabnam |last3=Weiller |first3=Bruce H. |last4=Kaner |first4=Richard B. |bibcode=2003JAChS.125..314H |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722135219/http://vohweb.chem.ucla.edu/voh/classes/spring09/185ID40/paper7b.pdf |archive-date=July 22, 2010 |citeseerx=10.1.1.468.6554 }}</ref> A multi-stage model for the formation of emeraldine base is proposed. In the first stage of the reaction the pernigraniline PS salt oxidation state is formed. In the second stage pernigraniline is [[organic reduction|reduced]] to the emeraldine salt as aniline monomer gets oxidized to the [[radical ion|radical cation]].<ref name=Feast/> In the third stage this radical cation couples with ES salt. This process can be followed by [[light scattering]] analysis which allows the determination of the absolute [[molar mass]]. According to one study in the first step a DP of 265 is reached with the DP of the final polymer at 319. Approximately 19% of the final polymer is made up of the aniline radical cation which is formed during the reaction.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ja055327k|pmid=16316207|title=Absolute Molecular Weight of Polyaniline|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=127|issue=48|pages=16770–1|year=2005|last1=Kolla|first1=Harsha S.|last2=Surwade|first2=Sumedh P.|last3=Zhang|first3=Xinyu|last4=MacDiarmid|first4=Alan G.|last5=Manohar|first5=Sanjeev K.|bibcode=2005JAChS.12716770K }}</ref> Polyaniline is typically produced in the form of long-chain polymer aggregates, surfactant (or dopant) stabilized [[nanoparticle]] dispersions, or stabilizer-free nanofiber dispersions depending on the supplier and synthetic route. Surfactant or dopant stabilized polyaniline dispersions have been available for commercial sale since the late 1990s.<ref name="Wessling" />
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