Editing Pope Callixtus II (section)

==Papacy==
{{see also|1119 papal election}}
Paschal does not seem to have been quite pleased with Guy's zeal in his attacks upon Henry V.<ref name=MacCaffrey/> During the violent confrontations between Henry V and Paschal II's successor, [[Pope Gelasius II]], the pope was forced to flee from Rome, first to [[Gaeta]], where he was crowned, then to the [[Cluny Abbey]], where he died on 29 January 1119.<ref name=MacCaffrey/> Guy was elected at Cluny on 2 February 1119. Nine cardinals took part in the election. Most of the other cardinals were in Rome.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/conclave-xii.htm| title = Miranda, Salvador. "Papal elections of the 12th Century (1100–1198)", ''The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church''}}</ref> He was [[papal coronation|crowned]] at Vienne on 9 February 1119 as Calixtus II.<ref name=MacCaffrey/>

At the outset, it appeared that the new pope was willing to negotiate with Henry V, who received the papal embassy at [[Strasbourg]], and withdrew his support from the antipope he had proclaimed at Rome. It was agreed that pope and emperor should meet at the Château de Mousson, near [[Rheims]], and in October the new Pope opened the council at Rheims attended by [[Louis VI of France]] with most of the barons of France and more than four hundred bishops and abbots. Henry V arrived for his personal conference at Mousson — not alone, as had been anticipated, but with an army of over thirty thousand men. Calixtus II, fearing that force was likely to be used to extract prejudicial concessions, remained at Rheims. There, Calixtus II busied himself ineffectively with attempting a reconciliation between the brothers [[Henry I of England]] and [[Robert II of Normandy]], and the council dealt with disciplinary regulations and decrees against lay investiture, [[simony]], and clerical concubines. Since there was no compromise coming from Henry V, it was determined on 30 October 1119 that the Emperor and his antipope should be solemnly excommunicated.<ref name="Stroll, 1124"/><ref name=MacCaffrey/>

Returning to Italy, where [[antipope Gregory VIII]] was supported in Rome by imperial forces and Italian allies of the emperor, Calixtus II managed to gain the upper hand amid clear demonstrations of popular support. The Imperial candidate was obliged to flee to the fortress of [[Sutri]], where he was taken prisoner through the intervention of Norman support from the [[Kingdom of Sicily]]. He was transferred from prison to prison first near [[Salerno]], and afterwards at the fortress of Fumo.<ref name=MacCaffrey>{{Catholic|title=Pope Calistus II|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03185a.htm |last=MacCaffrey|first=James|volume=3|year=1908|access-date=1 August 2014|inline=1}}</ref> The imperial allies in Rome soon disbanded.

===Sicut Judaeis===
In 1120 Calixtus II issued the papal bull ''[[Sicut Judaeis]]'' (Latin: "As the Jews") setting out the official position of the papacy regarding the treatment of Jews. It was prompted by the [[First Crusade]], during which over five thousand Jews were slaughtered in Europe. The bull was intended to protect Jews and echoed the position of [[Pope Gregory I]] that Jews were entitled to "enjoy their lawful liberty".<ref name="thurstonCE">{{cite web| url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14761a.htm| title = Thurston, Herbert. "History of Toleration", ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'', Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912, Accessed 12 July 2013}}</ref> The bull forbade Christians, on pain of excommunication, from forcing Jews to convert, from harming them, from taking their property, from disturbing the celebration of their festivals, and from interfering with their cemeteries.<ref>Solomon Grayzel (1991), "The Papal Bull ''Sicut Judeis''," in: Jeremy Cohen, ''Essential Papers on Judaism and Christianity in Conflict. From Late Antiquity to the Reformation'' (New York University Press 1991), pp. 231–259.</ref> It was reaffirmed by popes [[Pope Alexander III|Alexander III]], [[Pope Celestine III|Celestine III]] (1191–1198), [[Pope Innocent III|Innocent III]] (1199), [[Honorius III]] (1216), [[Gregory IX]] (1235), [[Innocent IV]] (1246), [[Pope Alexander IV|Alexander IV]] (1255), [[Pope Urban IV|Urban IV]] (1262), [[Pope Gregory X|Gregory X]] (1272 & 1274), [[Pope Nicholas III|Nicholas III]], [[Pope Martin IV|Martin IV]] (1281), [[Pope Honorius IV|Honorius IV]] (1285–1287), [[Pope Nicholas IV|Nicholas IV]] (1288–92), [[Pope Clement VI|Clement VI]] (1348), [[Urban V]] (1365), [[Pope Boniface IX|Boniface IX]] (1389), [[Pope Martin V|Martin V]] (1422), and [[Pope Nicholas V|Nicholas V]] (1447).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=438&letter=P| title = Deutsch, Gotthard; Jacobs, Joseph. "Popes, The". ''The Jewish Encyclopedia'', KTAV Publishing, New York, 1906, Accessed 12 July 2013.}}</ref><ref>Simonsohn, Shlomo (1988). ''The Apostolic See and the Jews, Documents: 492–1404''. Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, pp. 68, 143, 211, 242, 245–246, 249, 254, 260, 265, 396, 430, 507.</ref>

===Concordat of Worms===
{{main|Concordat of Worms}}
Having established his power in Italy, the pope resolved to re-open negotiations with Henry V on the question of investiture. Henry V was anxious to put an end to a controversy, which had reduced imperial authority in Germany terminally so as it appeared in the long run. An embassy of three cardinals was sent by Calixtus II to Germany, and negotiations for a permanent settlement of the investiture struggle were begun in October 1121 at [[Würzburg]], where it was agreed that a general truce should be proclaimed in Germany, the Church should have free use of its possessions and the lands of those in rebellion should be restored.

Those decrees were communicated to Calixtus II, who despatched the legate [[Pope Honorius II|Lambert]] to assist at the synod that had been convoked at Worms, where, on 23 September 1122, the agreement known as the [[Concordat of Worms]] was concluded. On his side, the Emperor abandoned his claim to investiture with ring and crosier and granted freedom of election to episcopal sees. On the papal side, it was conceded that the bishops should receive investiture with the sceptre; the episcopal elections should be held in the presence of the Emperor or his representatives; in case of disputed elections the emperor should, after the decision of the metropolitan and the suffragan bishops, confirm the rightfully-elected candidate; and the imperial investiture of the temporal properties connected to the sees should take place in Germany before the consecration.

In Burgundy and in Italy, the imperial investiture would take place after the consecration ceremony, and in the Papal States, the pope alone had the right of investiture without any interference on the part of the emperor. As a result of the Concordat, the Emperor still retained in his hands the controlling influence in the election of the bishops in Germany though he had abandoned much in regard to episcopal elections in Italy and Burgundy.<ref>Bruce Bueno De Mesquita, "Popes, kings, and endogenous institutions: The Concordat of Worms and the origins of sovereignty." ''International Studies Review'' (2000): 93–118. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3186429 in JSTOR]
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===First Lateran Council===
{{main|First Council of the Lateran}}
To secure the confirmation of this Concordat of Worms, Calixtus II convened the First Lateran Council on 18 March 1123. It solemnly confirmed the Concordat and passed several disciplinary decrees, such as those against simony and concubinage among the clergy. Decrees were also passed against violators of the [[Truce of God]], church-robbers, and forgers of ecclesiastical documents. The [[indulgence]]s already granted to the crusaders were renewed, and the jurisdiction of the bishops over the clergy, both secular and regular, was more clearly defined.<ref name="Stroll, 1124"/><ref name=MacCaffrey/>